unit 1-nature of geo thinking

Question 1

Def Geography

Answer 1

study people, places + environment
explore, describe + explain world we live in
(natural environ. , human activity, why occur in specific locations + how interact one another)

Question 2

define Geographers

Answer 2

examine earth surface, natural + human processes that shape it, r.ships b.tween people + environment + interactions

Question 3

• Geographical phenomenon- define

Answer 3

• interesting facts / events can be observes + studied, unusual / difficult to explain
• whats present + where it is
  e. g distribution of volcanoes surround pacific ocean

Question 4

physical geography (natural science)
human geography ( social science

Answer 4

studies characteristics- physical environment (climate, soil, vegetation)
studies group people + activities ) lang, industry, buildings

Question 5

cartography

Answer 5

mapmaking

Question 6

remote sensing

Answer 6

mapping earth from satellites + aircraft

Question 7

• 3 types of regions:

Answer 7

formal: uniformity in 1 / more physical / cultural feature ( e.g climate type, lang area)
functional : interactions amongst places (e.g trade / communications)
vernacular: ‘everyday lang’ (popular perception by people within / outside them

Question 8

*spatial analysis

Answer 8

patterns in distribution of people, environment / processes + interaction b.ween places / regions

Question 9

*spatial distribution

Answer 9

position, placement / arrangement throughout space

Question 10

distribution of phenomenon (factors)

Answer 10

1. density: frequency / occurrence- phenomenon in relation to area (number per km2)
2. concentration : distribution-phenomenon within area (can be concentrated together / dispersed
3. pattern: geometric arrangements-objects within area
   [trellis pattern: right-angled]
   [dendritic pattern: tree like]

Question 11

• Diffusion- define + name types

Answer 11

item / feature that’s spread across space

1. relocation ( people / things move b.ween 2 points)
2. contiguous / contagious ( 1 place to next though contact e.g virus)

Question 12

• system- define

name types of spheres

Answer 12

interdependent group-items that interact regular way to form unified whole

1. atmosphere-(AIR) layer gases around earth. movement air causes weather / climate
2. hydrosphere- (WATER) lakes, sea, rivers on earths surface
3. lithosphere- ( ROCK)- solid earth. stone
4. biosphere- (LIFE)- all living organisms on earth

Question 13

types maps:

Answer 13

conformal maps: distort size but preserve shape
equal area maps: preserve size but distort shape
topographic maps: show elevation, terrain features (roads, buildings, power lines)

Question 14

GPS:

Answer 14

global positioning system (precise position of something on earth)

Question 15

map scale

Answer 15

size map compared to actual size on earth

Question 16

3 ways map scales can be presented:

Answer 16

1) ration / fraction (numbers) 1:10 000 ( 1 unit of map = 10 000 units on ground
2) written scale (words) (1 centimetre equals 10 kilometres)
3) graphic scale (barline) (use rule-distance (cm/mm) on map, hold ruler against bar line. read number of bar line)

Question 17

Projection + its types

Answer 17

transfer locations on earths surface to flat map

types: cylindrival, conic, azimuthal

Question 18

• projection distortions

Answer 18

1) shape (appears distorted compared to reality)
2) distance (distance between 2 points= increased / decreased)
3) relative size (1 area appears larger but in reality = smaller)
4) direction (distorted from 1 place to another)

Question 19

Toponym

Answer 19

name given to place on earth

Question 20

API

Answer 20

applications processing interface (links database to software)

Question 21

space time compression

Answer 21

reduction in time for something to reach another place

e.g using boats to aeroplane for transport

Question 22

spatial interaction

Answer 22

places connect through each other through network

Question 23

distance decay

Answer 23

interaction b.ween groups + contact diminish as distance increases + eventually disappear

Question 24

ecosystem

Answer 24

group living organisms + spheres in which they interact

Question 25

ecology

Answer 25

scientific study of ecosystem

Question 26

cultural ecology

Answer 26

study human- environment r.ships | how adjust to environment + how modify it

Question 27

spatial location

Answer 27

describe= place, features, facilities, regions to absolute (numbers CT is 33~54''17s) / relative locations (words CT is located 2km)

Question 28

why locations on earth = unique + how interrelated | 4 marks

Answer 28

- each place =distinct site + situation features (soil, climate, water etc,) - many places = NB- accessible to other places - connections b.ween places result= spatial interaction - characteristics from 1 place spreads to another (diffusion)

Question 29

interaction b.ween biosphere + abiotic physical system | 4 marks

Answer 29

living organism in biosphere interact with: - lithosphere (rock / earth): where plants + animals live, get food + shelter - hydrosphere (water): where drink water+ physical support from aquatic life - atmosphere (air): provides air- animals + protects against sun ``` therefore a piece soil has: minerals from lithosphere moisture form hydrosphere pocket air from atmosphere plant +insect matter from biosphere ```

Question 30

spatial association

Answer 30

joint covariance - 2 / more phenomenon across space

Question 31

global spatial distribution

Answer 31

climate, precipitation, temp, soil, biomes & population

Question 32

spatial variation

Answer 32

how phenomenon VARIES across space - not all places have same climate / population varies from area to area - some areas warm (SA) / cold (ENGLAND) - soil types, weather & habits cause variations in areas

Question 33

human environment interaction | 4marks

Answer 33

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM : physical enviro caused by social development (e.g temp Europe caused better health conditions + lower death rates) POSSIBILISM: physical environment may limit some human actions but person has ability to adjust to enviro (e.g people chose crops by because it thrives in their environment)

Question 34

example continuous spatial distribution example discrete spatial distribution

Answer 34

climate regions weather stations / school / dam

Question 35

CLIMATE varies due to factors:

Answer 35

``` high / low pressure zone heat exchange from ocean currents mountain distribution pattern-winds altitude ```