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HSNC 1200 > Unit 2 : Food Production > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Food Production Flashcards

1
Q

Before reaching consumers, where does your food come from and what happens at each stage?

A
  1. Farm - All foods begin on a farm
  2. Food processor : Foods cleaned and sorted in preparation for shipping, or processed using hear or salt or sugar or to produce packaged food
  3. Distributor : A agent who will transport food by ship, train , truck or plane to sellers.
  4. Seller. : Location where a consumer purchases the food
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2
Q

What does Organic farming aim to achieve ?

A
  • It aims to grow crops and raise livestock in ways that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment
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3
Q

What is Horticulture ?

A
  • It is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables , flowers and ornamental plants.
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4
Q

How have there been changes in food accessibility in agriculture?

A
  • Before they used to preserve food using root cellars , canning drying lacking options and variety throughout the years
  • But now there are climate control storage facilities , flash freezing and greenhouse technology which allows the food to be stored longer and food to be available all year around
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5
Q

How has there been changes in harvesting grains in agriculture?

A
  • Before basic tools were used to harvest and average farms were small and only able to feed about 5 people
  • But now we have new tech and tools that allows farmers to harvest quicker and cover more land. Now an average farm can feed more than 120 people.
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6
Q

How has there been changes in managing pests in agriculture?

A
  • Before farmers were helpless against pests since control options were few or unknown
  • But now there many ways to protect crops, including treatment of crops, traps, companion planting and regulated use of insecticides.
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7
Q

How has there been changes in soil preservations in agriculture?

A
  • Old farming practices of tilling soil often made soil less fertile and leaving top soil more susceptible to being washed away by rain and wind
  • But now less farmers till soil. Farmers now leave stalks and roots from last years crops on the soil surface which keeps water, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and reduces erosion.
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8
Q

How has there been changes in milking cows in agriculture?

A
  • Before famers used a stool and a bucket to milk cows by their hands
  • Now new practices include superior genetics, customized diets and highly automated systems has greatly increase the efficiency and production of milk.
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9
Q

What are some types of farming technology that can help to promote sustainability?

A
  • GPS technology
  • Advance seeds
  • Monitoring tools for monitoring animal
  • Irrigation Systems for watering crops
  • Robotic Milkers
  • Hydroponic Farming (vertical farming)
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10
Q

What are some examples of environmental contaminants?

A
  1. Industrial pollutants
  2. Toxic metals
  3. Contaminants from packaging
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11
Q

What are some examples of heavy metals?

A
  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • Cadmium
  • Selenium
  • Arsenic
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12
Q

What can high amounts of mercury(Hg) cause ?

A
  • It can damage the nervous system of people and animals
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13
Q

What is bioaccumulation in mercury ?

A
  • Its when mercury accumulates in the food chain so that predatory species have higher levels
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14
Q

What are the recommendations on fish consumption for healthy adults?

A
  • It is recommended to consume a variety of fish to minimize the exposure to any particular toxin that my accumulate in a particular fish species
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15
Q

What are the recommendations on fish consumption for children, pregnant women and women of childbearing age ?

A
  • Health Canada recommends consumers to restrict their consumption
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16
Q

What are examples of Pesticides and what do each of them help protect against ?

A
  • Herbicides : protects against weed
  • Fungicides : protects against fungus
  • Insecticide : protects against insects
17
Q

What are the Canadian Organic Standard’s Principles of Organic Production and what do each of them mean?

A
  1. Health - sustain and enhance the health of soil, plants , animals , humans, and the planet as one.
  2. Ecology -be based on living ecological systems and cycles work with them , emulate them and help sustain them
  3. Fairness - build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities
  4. Care - managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health
18
Q

What are some ways organic farming promotes sustainability ?

A
  • Crop rotation
  • Covering crops ( to prevent soil erosion)
  • Using renewable resources
  • The use of compost to improve soil fertility
  • Enhancing biological diversity
19
Q

For all the foods labelled Organic in Canada, who regulates them ?

A
  • Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
20
Q

When packaging food, what percentage of ingredients have to be organic in order to use the special organic logo ?

A
  • For the logo it has to be 95% organic ingredients
  • But for 70-95% you can make labelling claims about the organic ingredients, but cannot use the logo
21
Q

What is the process of GMOs?

A
  • it is the insertion of DNA from one organism into another OR modification of an organisms DNA in order to achieve a desired trait
22
Q

What is the goal of development of GMO’s?

A
  • Goal of cross breeding is to create a perfect variety within species
23
Q

How does Cross Pollination/Breeding work in farming ?

A
  • Farmers would grow two different varieties simultaneously and would take pollens from the flower of one variety and apply them to the stigma of the flowers of the other variety, this way the new variety would have traits of both plants
24
Q

What does Cisgenic and Transgenic mean in genetic engineering?

A
  • Cisgenic is genetic engineering within species
  • Transgenic is genetic engineering between species
25
Q

How are animals targeted in genetic engineering?

A
  • The microinjection method uses a fine needle to inject a solution of DNA into a developing embryo
26
Q

How are plants targeted in genetic engineering?

A
  • A particle gun is used to shoot small bits of metal coated with the gene into the plant
27
Q

How are golden rice developed and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • Beta carotene gene from plants are inserted into rice, which also causes the yellow color in rice
  • They serve as a significant source of Vitamin A
28
Q

What are EnviroPig and what purpose do they serve?

A
  • EnviroPig had the ability to produce phytase in its saliva
  • The phytase helps to break down the excessive phosphorus containing phytate and digest most of it, which solves the problem of pigs expelling too much phosphorus
29
Q

What are Bt Corns and what purpose do they serve ?

A
  • They are a transgenic organism that has a gene bacterium inserted into the corn and
  • it produces a protein to kill specific types of insects, the corn needs to bind to the receptors on the organic that it wants to eliminate
30
Q

What are herbicide resistant plants and what purpose do they serve ?

A
  • They are plants that are engineered to be resistant to herbicide,
  • this is so they are not effected when herbicides are sprayed on crops and gets proper nutrition
31
Q

What are some concerns with GMO’s?

A
  • Monopoly : meaning not everyone has the resources to develop organisms with this expensive tech.
  • Patents and traits like “suicide seeds”: meaning farmers have to buy seeds every year
  • Contamination of GMO with the convention food despite all the regulatory conditions
  • Environmental concerns : as it can jump onto other crops in the neighbourhood
  • Risk to Human Health

HSNC 1200 (9 decks)

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