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psychology 1010 > UNIT 2 EXAM TERMS > Flashcards

UNIT 2 EXAM TERMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Robbers cave experiment

A

groups can be manipulated to hate each other

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2
Q

milgrams obedience experiment

A

ordinary people without hostility or evil intent will compromise their morals to obey an authority figure

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3
Q

attribution

A

how we explain another person’s behavior

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4
Q

situational attribution

A

explaining behavior as a consequence of the current context and circumstances

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5
Q

dispositional attributions

A

explaining behavior as a consequence of the person’s stable, enduring traits

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6
Q

self serving bias

A

we attribute our successes to dispositional variables and our failures to situational variables

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7
Q

actor-observer bias

A

we use situational variables to explain our own behavior while using dispositional behavior to explain the behavior of others

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8
Q

stanford prison experiment

A

situational factors shape how others behave

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9
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of the situation

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10
Q

just-world belief

A

assumptions that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

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11
Q

attitudes

A

positive or negative feelings, influenced by beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

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12
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

tendency to agree to a big request if youve already agreed to a small request

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13
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes dont match

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14
Q

persuasion

A

influencing one’s actions by changing their attitudes

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15
Q

peripheral rout

A

uses attention grabbing cues to trigger speedy emotion based judgements

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16
Q

central route

A

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking

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17
Q

social norms

A

rules for expected and accepted behavior

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18
Q

social contagion

A

natural tendency for humans to mirror each other

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19
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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20
Q

obedience

A

adjusting our behavior to comply with a demand issued by an authority figure

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21
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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22
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others opinions of reality

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23
Q

groupthink

A

the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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24
Q

social facilitation

A

in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or weal learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

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24
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity

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24
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people to exert less effort when working with a group

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24
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group

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25
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group

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26
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to favor our own ingroup

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27
Q

scapegoat theory

A

theory that prejudice offers an outlet by providing someone to blame

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28
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to overestimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

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29
Q

health psychology

A

the application of psychological principles to promote health and well being

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30
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

a model of health that integrates the effect of biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness

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31
Q

biological

A

genetic predisposition, exposure to microbes, brain and other nervous system development

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32
Q

psychological

A

stress and coping strategies, health benefits

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33
Q

social

A

cultural influences, family relationships, social supports.

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34
Q

stress

A

process by which we percieve and respond to events that we appraise as threatening

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35
Q

catastrophes

A

large scale disasterss

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36
Q

significant life changes

A

leaving home, death of a loved one, transitions

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37
Q

daily hassles and social stress

A

acute and repetitive instances of stress

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38
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages

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39
Q

alarm stage

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system to prepare for flight/fight

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40
Q

resistance stage

A

when stressors are prolonged, attempt to adapt and cope as best as possible

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41
Q

exhaustion stage

A

if stressors are severe and last long enough, reserves are depleted

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42
Q

sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) system

A

hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
short lived arousal responses

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43
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

hormone: cortisol
long erm responses associated with chronic stress

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44
Q

direct effect of stress on health

A

chronic stress associated with disease

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45
Q

indirect effect of stress on health

A

coping strategies such as smoking, drinking, drugs, and poor eating.

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46
Q

type A

A

competitive, achievement oriented, aggressive, hostile, restless, impatient with others, unable to relax

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47
Q

type B

A

noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating

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48
Q

problem-focused coping

A

a response to stress designed to address specific problems by finding solutions.

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49
Q

emotion focused coping

A

a response to stress that targets negative emotions arising from a situation

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50
Q

relationship focuesed coping

A

a response to stress designed to maintain and protect social relationships

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51
Q

positive psychology

A

emphasizes normal behavior and human strengths

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52
Q

PERMA model

A

Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment

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53
Q

faith factor

A

phenomenon of religious activity being highly correlated with longer life

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54
Q

core idea

A

our intellectual progression reflects an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences

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55
Q

schemas

A

frameworks for organizing and interpreting information

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56
Q

(updating schema) Assimilation

A

interpretation new experiences in the context of our existing schemas

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57
Q

(updating schema)
Accommodation

A

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

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58
Q

4 stages of cognitive development

A

Jean Piaget

59
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

(0-2 years) infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

60
Q

preoperational stage

A

(2-6/7 years)
child learns to use language but doesnt comprehend mental operations of concrete logic

61
Q

concrete operational stage

A

(7-11 yrs)
children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

62
Q

formal operational stage

A

(12-dead)
people think logically about abstract concepts

63
Q

theory of mind

A

understanding of others’s mental states, feelings, perceptions, thoughts

64
Q

attachment

A

emotional tie with others, children seeking closeness to caregivers

65
Q

secure attachment

A

infants play happily and explore surrounding in mother’s presence. become distressed when she leaves

66
Q

insecure attachment

A

infants do not explore, cling to mother, cry loudly when she leaves and stay upset or seem indifferent to her departure

67
Q

anxious attachment

A

constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of rejection

68
Q

avoidant attachment

A

people experience discomfort getting to close to others and maintain distance

69
Q

adolescence

A

transitional period from childhood to adulthood

70
Q

hyelin

A

fatty tissue that forms around axons to enable faster neurotransmission and better communication between brain regions

71
Q

Levels of moral thinking

A

Kohlberg

72
Q

pre-conventional morality

A

before age 9. Self interest, obey rules to avoid punishment

73
Q

conventional morality

A

early adolescence. uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

74
Q

postconventional morality

A

adolescence and beyond. actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

75
Q

moral intuitions

A

emotional reactions

76
Q

moral reasoning

A

logical approach to judgements

77
Q

proximity

A

geographical nearness, friendships most powerful predictor

78
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them

79
Q

physical attractiveness

A

physical appearance drives first impressions more than sincerity, intelligence, personality

80
Q

similarity

A

friends/couples are more likely to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, etc.

81
Q

Triangular Model of love

A

Sternberg. close relationships vary along dimensions of intimacy, passion, and commitment

82
Q

intimacy

A

closeness or bonding, sharing personal facts and moments of life

83
Q

passion

A

arousal and romance, infatuation directed toward a particular person, physically-driven

84
Q

commitment

A

promise that you make to yourself to maintain the relationship over time

85
Q

romantic love

A

intimacy + passion; without commitment, this type of love fades quickly

86
Q

companionate love

A

intimacy + commitment; deep friendships or family relationships

87
Q

fatuous love

A

passion+commitment; intense relationship in which insufficient times has passed for the development of intimacy

88
Q

consummate love

A

intimacy+passion+commitment

89
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

refine a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity (teens into 20’s)

90
Q

intimacy vs isolation

A

form close relationships or feel socially isolated (20-40)

91
Q

generatively vs stagnation

A

discover a sense of contributing to the world (40-60s)

92
Q

integrity vs despair

A

reflecting on lives, may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure (60-up)

93
Q

equity

A

both partners receive in proportion to what they give

94
Q

self disclosure

A

revealing intimate details about oneself

95
Q

positive support

A

considerate communication; postive interactions

96
Q

parenting styles

A

described as a combination of how responsive and demanding parents are

97
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

coercive; impose rules and expect obedience. (children develop fewer social skills and lower self esteem)

98
Q

permissive parenting style

A

unrestraining, make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment. (children are aggressive and immature)

99
Q

neglectful parenting style

A

uninvolved, neither demanding or responsive. (children have poor academic and social outcomes)

100
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

confrontative, demanding and responsive, exert control by setting rules but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions (children develop with highest results)

101
Q

compensatory mechanisms

A

reorganization or neural networks to maintain performance in the face of neural decline

102
Q

reminiscence bump

A

better recollection of events that occur during teens/twenties

103
Q

personality

A

an individuals’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

104
Q

self

A

the center of the personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings, actions

105
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconcious mind and the importance of childhood experiences

106
Q

humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality as a combination of specific patters of traits

107
Q

trait theories

A

theories that view personality as a combination of specific patters or traits

108
Q

social-cognitive theories

A

a view of behavior as an interaction between people’s traits and their social context

109
Q

ID

A

unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual/aggressive desires

110
Q

ego

A

partly conscious part of personality that mediates the desires of ID and superego

111
Q

superego

A

partly conscious part of personality that represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement

112
Q

defense mechanisms

A

tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

113
Q

repression

A

most basic defense, banishing anxiety-inducing thoughts and memories, motivated forgetting

114
Q

projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

115
Q

displacement

A

focusing unresolved sexual or aggressive impulses into a more acceptable activity

116
Q

rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

117
Q

freud’s contributions

A

challenged our self-righteousness, exposed our self-protective defenses, reminded us for our potential for evil

118
Q

feud’s shortcomings

A

explanations of behavior are retrospective rather than predictive,

119
Q

Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

A

projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

120
Q

Rorschanch inkblot test

A

projective test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots

121
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

characteristics of self-actualization, studied healthy and creative people rather than clinical cases of troubled people

122
Q

carl Rogers

A

people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

123
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

attitude of grace that values oneself and others even with the knowledge of their failures

124
Q

genuineness

A

open to one’s own feelings; transparent and self disclosing

125
Q

empathy

A

share and mirror others’ feelings and reflect their meanings

126
Q

personality inventories

A

longform questionnaires with true/false or agree/disagree items desiged to gauge a wide range of feelings/behaviors

127
Q

factor analysis

A

method for identifying traits; statistical procedure for identifying clusters of co-varying items on a personal inventory

128
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; used in many contexts from diagnosing emotional disorders to job interviews

129
Q

big five factors

A

considered to be the best approximation of basic trait dimensions. (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)

130
Q

openness

A

high: imaginative, prefers variety, independent
low: practical, prefers routine, conforming

131
Q

conscientiousness

A

high: organized, careful, disciplined
low: disorganized, careless, impulsive

132
Q

Extraversion

A

high: sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
low: retiring, sober, reserved

133
Q

agreeableness

A

high: soft hearted, trusting, helpful
low: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

134
Q

neuroticism

A

high: anxious, insecure, self pitying
low: calm, secure, self-satisfied

135
Q

person-situation controversy:

A

quest for identifying genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations

136
Q

albert Bandura

A

emphasized the interaction of our traits with our situations

137
Q

social component

A

we learn behaviors through conditioning or by observing and imitating others

138
Q

cognitive component

A

what we think about a situation affects our resulting behavior

139
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment

140
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating other’s noticing and evaluation our appearance, performance, and blunders

141
Q

self efficiacy

A

sence of competence on a task

142
Q

self esteem

A

feelings of low/high self worth

143
Q

dunning-kruger effect

A

ignorance of one’s own incompetence

144
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

145
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

146
Q

subtly strategic

A

self-disparaging comments elicit reassurance from others

147
Q

defensive self esteem

A

focuses on straining itself; respond to perceive threats of failure and criticism with anger/aggression.

148
Q

secure self esteem

A

less contingent on external evaluations; authentic pride rooted in achievement and pursuit of satisfying relationships and quality of life.

psychology 1010 (4 decks)

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