final unit 3 stuff Flashcards
CT
x-ray, visualize different tissue densities. good for seeing lesions and implants, bad for contrast resolution
MRI
proton excitation and relaxation. visualize brain structures, good for highest spacial contrast and resolution, bad if implants are present
DTI
water movement in white matter tracts. visualizes axon projections. good for telling which brain regions connect. poor spacial resolution
EEG
collective neural voltage. identify changes in cortical activity that occur during specific events in cognitive processing. good for temporal resolution, safe and noninvasive. bad for spatial resolution
PET
metabolic activity. observe subcortical transport of metabolic and neurotransmitter systems. good bc highest signal to noise ratio, bad bc radiation exposure
fMRI
changes in blood flow. identify which subcortical brain regions are active during tasks. less invasive than PET, poor temporal resolution.
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
widely used systme for classiflying psychological disorders
5 D’s for defining symptoms of psychological disorders
- dysfunction: symptoms are maladaptive or interfere with normal daily life
- Distress: symptoms cause pain or upset to the individual
- Deviance: thoughts and behaviors are considerably different from those of most
people under the same circumstances - Danger: symptom causes threat to maintaining a safe living environment for
themselves or others - Duration: symptoms exceed expected frequency and severity
neurodevelopment disordrss
disorders that r typically diagnosed in childhood that typically extend througout ligfespan
Autism spectrum disorder ASD
characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors.
ADHD
a disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both
diathesis-stress model
model that states that genetics interact w life stressors to predict physical and mental illness
bipolar disorder
periods of depressive symptoms (MDD) periods of mania
anxiety disorders
disorders featuring negative emotions and arousal responses that are not proportional to a person’s circumstances
specific phobias
fears of objects or situations, distinct from agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder
social anxiety disorder
unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others
panic disorders
characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future panic attacks
agoraphobia
unrealistic fear of open spaces, being outside of the home alone, being in a crowd
generalized anxeity disorder
a person has experienced excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months not correlated w particular objections or situatons
OCD
obsessions and compulsions (ritualistic and repetitive behavior)
PTSD
traumatic experience
schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, grandiosity, control. alogia (poverty of speech), states of no apparent feelings, catatonia
dissociative amnesia
forgetting important info about specific events, usually after traumatic event
dissociative fugue
people become confused over their identiy; assume new identity and suddenly travel to new location, usually only lasts for a few hours
depersonalization disorder
experience unreality about the self or surrounding environment; feeling as though one is watching their own behavior from outside their body
dissociative identity disorder
experience of two or more distinct personality states
antisocial personality disorder
pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others; formerly referred to as psychopathy
Borderline personality disorder
characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self images and emotions.
Narcissistic personality disorder
characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, low empathy, extreme self-focus
ventricles
produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid
gray matter
processes and receives info, contains the brain’s neuronal cell bodies
white matter
aides in communication speeds; bundles of myelinated axons
blood brain barrier
selective barrier that regulates the passage of materials from the circulatory system to the CNS; protects brain from harmful chemicals in the blood
neurons
cells of the nervous system that are specialized to send and recieve messages
dendrite
branch from the neuron cell body that receives input from other neurons
myelin
insulating material covering axons
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons
synaptic cleft
small gap between neurons over which neurotransmitters pass
action potential
electrical signals arising from a neuron’s axon
resting potential
measure of the electrical charge across neural membrane when the neuron is not processing info (-70mV)
reputake
molecules of neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap r returned to the axon terminal
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain . fear, anxiety, convulsions
glutamate
primary excitatory in the brain
Acetylchlorine (Ach)
involved in muscle contractions, pathways involving memory and visial attemtion.
Norepinephrine
involved in flight or fight response; hypervigilance and arousal
Epinephrine
adrenaline, involved in arousal
dopanime
invoved in movement, lanning and reward
serotonin
regulates mood and sleep
psychological therapies
a clinician interacts w patients to provide support
biological treatments
substances and procedures that directly the chemistry of the brain
psychoanalysis
the treatment approach developed by freud to address conflicts between the consious and unconsious mind
humanistic approaches
treatment approaches that encourage one’s natural tendencies to grow and improve
behavioral approaches
assume disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt, maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
cognitive approaches
focus on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about the self, others, or the world
cognitive restructuring
teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT
blend of cognitive and behavioral techniques
Antipsychotic drugs
used for the treatment of psychosis. effective w positive symptoms of schizophrenia, not negative
atypical antipsychotics
newer drugs that block both dopamine and serotonin systems
antianxiety medications
meds that reduce a person’s experience of fear or anxiety
antidepressants
drugs that help lift peoples moods
benzodiazepines
a tranqulizer that facilitates actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid
trycyclic antidepressant
block uptake of norepinephrine and seratonin
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
block reuptake of serotonin, therby increasing the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
prevents enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters such as epinephrine…
mood stablilizers
drugs that suppress swings between mania and depression. (lithium)
Amphetamines
nervous system stimulants; speed up message communication between brain and body
treatment illusions
factors that influence patient improvement outside of any acutal treatment effects
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a treatment that involves inducing brief seizures by delivering an electrical shock to the brain while the patient is unconcious
psychosurgery
surgical destruction of specific brain areas. (lobotomy)
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
treatment that involves placing powerful pulsed magnet over a person’s scalp to alter neuronal activity
deep brain stimulation
surgically implanted electrodes stimulate target areas of the brain
encoding
the process of acquiring info and transferring it to memory
storage
the retention of info
retrieval
recovery of stored info
sensory input
info acquired by sensory organs
sensory memory
processes info gathered through five sense; holds info for extremely brief period of time
short term memory
holds info that you r actively thinkng about
chunking
grouping similar or meaningful info together for storing long term
rehersal
repeatedly processing the same info to store long term
maintenance rehersal
simple repitition
elaborative rehersal
thinking about the same info in different ways
levels of processing theory (Craik nd Lockhart)
depth of processing applied to info predicts how easily the info can be retrieved later
long term memory
where memories are stored permanently
visuospatial schetchpad
where visual and spatial info is represented(imagining a route that is being described to you)
episodic buffer
combines info from long term memory with the info currently processing
phonological loop
where verbal and auditory info is represented. the place where you repeat info that you need
central executive
oversees the components of working memory, directs attention to particular tasks
primary effect
when people r presented with a list of things to remember, they bettwer remember the first few items that were presented.
recency effect
when people r presented with a list of items to remember, they are also better at remembering recents words bc they are still in short term
declarative (explicit) memory
a consciously-retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize
semantic memory
general knowledge, word meanings and facts
episodic memory
personal accounts of pasts experiences
autobiographical memory
blend of semantic and episodic memories that refer to onesself
nondelcarative (implicit) memory
an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is diffidcult to verbalized
spreading activation model
people organize general knowledge based on their individual experience; some concepts may be more strongly connected in memory than others
cue
stimulus that helps you access target info in memory
encoding specificity
contextual info encoded along wit the target info, context can be used as retrieval cues
forgetting
decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory. memory must have been encoded at some point to be forgotten
decay
ability to retrieve info fades over time
interference
competition between newer and older info in the memory system
proactive interference
reduced memory for target info due to information from earlier learning
retroactive interference
reduced memory for target info due to subsequent learning
distributed practice
spread out practice over time rather than cramming, gives brain more time to consolidate each memory
long term potentiation
enhances commnications between two neurons due to repeated coactivatin
