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psychology 1010 > final unit 3 stuff > Flashcards

final unit 3 stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

CT

A

x-ray, visualize different tissue densities. good for seeing lesions and implants, bad for contrast resolution

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2
Q

MRI

A

proton excitation and relaxation. visualize brain structures, good for highest spacial contrast and resolution, bad if implants are present

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3
Q

DTI

A

water movement in white matter tracts. visualizes axon projections. good for telling which brain regions connect. poor spacial resolution

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4
Q

EEG

A

collective neural voltage. identify changes in cortical activity that occur during specific events in cognitive processing. good for temporal resolution, safe and noninvasive. bad for spatial resolution

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5
Q

PET

A

metabolic activity. observe subcortical transport of metabolic and neurotransmitter systems. good bc highest signal to noise ratio, bad bc radiation exposure

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6
Q

fMRI

A

changes in blood flow. identify which subcortical brain regions are active during tasks. less invasive than PET, poor temporal resolution.

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7
Q

psychological disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior.

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8
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

widely used systme for classiflying psychological disorders

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9
Q

5 D’s for defining symptoms of psychological disorders

A
  • dysfunction: symptoms are maladaptive or interfere with normal daily life
  • Distress: symptoms cause pain or upset to the individual
  • Deviance: thoughts and behaviors are considerably different from those of most
    people under the same circumstances
  • Danger: symptom causes threat to maintaining a safe living environment for
    themselves or others
  • Duration: symptoms exceed expected frequency and severity
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10
Q

neurodevelopment disordrss

A

disorders that r typically diagnosed in childhood that typically extend througout ligfespan

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11
Q

Autism spectrum disorder ASD

A

characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviors.

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12
Q

ADHD

A

a disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both

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13
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

model that states that genetics interact w life stressors to predict physical and mental illness

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14
Q

bipolar disorder

A

periods of depressive symptoms (MDD) periods of mania

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15
Q

anxiety disorders

A

disorders featuring negative emotions and arousal responses that are not proportional to a person’s circumstances

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16
Q

specific phobias

A

fears of objects or situations, distinct from agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder

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17
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others

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18
Q

panic disorders

A

characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future panic attacks

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19
Q

agoraphobia

A

unrealistic fear of open spaces, being outside of the home alone, being in a crowd

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20
Q

generalized anxeity disorder

A

a person has experienced excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months not correlated w particular objections or situatons

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21
Q

OCD

A

obsessions and compulsions (ritualistic and repetitive behavior)

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22
Q

PTSD

A

traumatic experience

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23
Q

schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, grandiosity, control. alogia (poverty of speech), states of no apparent feelings, catatonia

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24
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

forgetting important info about specific events, usually after traumatic event

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25
Q

dissociative fugue

A

people become confused over their identiy; assume new identity and suddenly travel to new location, usually only lasts for a few hours

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26
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

experience unreality about the self or surrounding environment; feeling as though one is watching their own behavior from outside their body

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27
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

experience of two or more distinct personality states

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28
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others; formerly referred to as psychopathy

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29
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self images and emotions.

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30
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, low empathy, extreme self-focus

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31
Q

ventricles

A

produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid

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32
Q

gray matter

A

processes and receives info, contains the brain’s neuronal cell bodies

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33
Q

white matter

A

aides in communication speeds; bundles of myelinated axons

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34
Q

blood brain barrier

A

selective barrier that regulates the passage of materials from the circulatory system to the CNS; protects brain from harmful chemicals in the blood

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35
Q

neurons

A

cells of the nervous system that are specialized to send and recieve messages

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36
Q

dendrite

A

branch from the neuron cell body that receives input from other neurons

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37
Q

myelin

A

insulating material covering axons

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38
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons

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39
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between neurons over which neurotransmitters pass

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40
Q

action potential

A

electrical signals arising from a neuron’s axon

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41
Q

resting potential

A

measure of the electrical charge across neural membrane when the neuron is not processing info (-70mV)

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42
Q

reputake

A

molecules of neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap r returned to the axon terminal

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43
Q

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain . fear, anxiety, convulsions

44
Q

glutamate

A

primary excitatory in the brain

45
Q

Acetylchlorine (Ach)

A

involved in muscle contractions, pathways involving memory and visial attemtion.

46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

involved in flight or fight response; hypervigilance and arousal

47
Q

Epinephrine

A

adrenaline, involved in arousal

48
Q

dopanime

A

invoved in movement, lanning and reward

49
Q

serotonin

A

regulates mood and sleep

50
Q

psychological therapies

A

a clinician interacts w patients to provide support

51
Q

biological treatments

A

substances and procedures that directly the chemistry of the brain

52
Q

psychoanalysis

A

the treatment approach developed by freud to address conflicts between the consious and unconsious mind

53
Q

humanistic approaches

A

treatment approaches that encourage one’s natural tendencies to grow and improve

54
Q

behavioral approaches

A

assume disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt, maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

55
Q

cognitive approaches

A

focus on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about the self, others, or the world

56
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

57
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT

A

blend of cognitive and behavioral techniques

58
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

used for the treatment of psychosis. effective w positive symptoms of schizophrenia, not negative

59
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

newer drugs that block both dopamine and serotonin systems

60
Q

antianxiety medications

A

meds that reduce a person’s experience of fear or anxiety

61
Q

antidepressants

A

drugs that help lift peoples moods

62
Q

benzodiazepines

A

a tranqulizer that facilitates actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid

63
Q

trycyclic antidepressant

A

block uptake of norepinephrine and seratonin

64
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

block reuptake of serotonin, therby increasing the amount of neurotransmitter in the synapse

65
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

A

prevents enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters such as epinephrine…

66
Q

mood stablilizers

A

drugs that suppress swings between mania and depression. (lithium)

67
Q

Amphetamines

A

nervous system stimulants; speed up message communication between brain and body

68
Q

treatment illusions

A

factors that influence patient improvement outside of any acutal treatment effects

69
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a treatment that involves inducing brief seizures by delivering an electrical shock to the brain while the patient is unconcious

70
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgical destruction of specific brain areas. (lobotomy)

71
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

treatment that involves placing powerful pulsed magnet over a person’s scalp to alter neuronal activity

72
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

surgically implanted electrodes stimulate target areas of the brain

73
Q

encoding

A

the process of acquiring info and transferring it to memory

74
Q

storage

A

the retention of info

75
Q

retrieval

A

recovery of stored info

76
Q

sensory input

A

info acquired by sensory organs

77
Q

sensory memory

A

processes info gathered through five sense; holds info for extremely brief period of time

78
Q

short term memory

A

holds info that you r actively thinkng about

79
Q

chunking

A

grouping similar or meaningful info together for storing long term

80
Q

rehersal

A

repeatedly processing the same info to store long term

81
Q

maintenance rehersal

A

simple repitition

82
Q

elaborative rehersal

A

thinking about the same info in different ways

83
Q

levels of processing theory (Craik nd Lockhart)

A

depth of processing applied to info predicts how easily the info can be retrieved later

84
Q

long term memory

A

where memories are stored permanently

85
Q

visuospatial schetchpad

A

where visual and spatial info is represented(imagining a route that is being described to you)

86
Q

episodic buffer

A

combines info from long term memory with the info currently processing

87
Q

phonological loop

A

where verbal and auditory info is represented. the place where you repeat info that you need

88
Q

central executive

A

oversees the components of working memory, directs attention to particular tasks

89
Q

primary effect

A

when people r presented with a list of things to remember, they bettwer remember the first few items that were presented.

90
Q

recency effect

A

when people r presented with a list of items to remember, they are also better at remembering recents words bc they are still in short term

91
Q

declarative (explicit) memory

A

a consciously-retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize

92
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge, word meanings and facts

93
Q

episodic memory

A

personal accounts of pasts experiences

94
Q

autobiographical memory

A

blend of semantic and episodic memories that refer to onesself

95
Q

nondelcarative (implicit) memory

A

an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is diffidcult to verbalized

96
Q

spreading activation model

A

people organize general knowledge based on their individual experience; some concepts may be more strongly connected in memory than others

97
Q

cue

A

stimulus that helps you access target info in memory

98
Q

encoding specificity

A

contextual info encoded along wit the target info, context can be used as retrieval cues

99
Q

forgetting

A

decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory. memory must have been encoded at some point to be forgotten

100
Q

decay

A

ability to retrieve info fades over time

101
Q

interference

A

competition between newer and older info in the memory system

102
Q

proactive interference

A

reduced memory for target info due to information from earlier learning

103
Q

retroactive interference

A

reduced memory for target info due to subsequent learning

104
Q

distributed practice

A

spread out practice over time rather than cramming, gives brain more time to consolidate each memory

105
Q

long term potentiation

A

enhances commnications between two neurons due to repeated coactivatin

psychology 1010 (4 decks)

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