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A&P 2 > Unit 2 Exam (Respiratory) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam (Respiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Transport

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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5
Q

What is included in the respiratory zone?

A

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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6
Q

What is included in the conducting zone?

A

All other structures (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)

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7
Q

Air passages undergo ____ orders of branching in the lungs

A

23

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8
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm, continues around heart and between lungs

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9
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers the external lung surface

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10
Q

Are the two pleura physically connected to one another?

A

NO

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11
Q

What surrounds alveoli?

A

Fine elastic fibers

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12
Q

Air-blood barrier

A

Respiratory membrane (Alveolar and capillary walls) with fused basal laminas

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13
Q

Alveolar walls are made up of…

A

single layer of type I epithelial cells (90%)

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14
Q

What do the alveolar walls secrete?

A

Surfactant

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15
Q

Purpose of surfactant

A

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveoli from sticking together

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16
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Weight of the air outside the lungs = 760 mmHg at sea level

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17
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure within the alveoli (or inside the lungs)

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18
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the pleural space (creates a slight vacuum; NEGATIVE)

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19
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural, keeps lungs from collapsing

20
Q

Two forces trying to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall

A

Elasticity and surface tension

21
Q

Good surface tension

A

Between pleura

22
Q

Bad surface tension

A

In the alveoli

23
Q

Clinical name for lung collapse

A

Atelectasis

24
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P=1/v (volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa)

25
Q

Three main factors of airway resistance

A

Diameter of the bronchioles, lung compliance, surface tension of alveoli

26
Q

Lung compliance

A

The ease with which lungs can be expanded

27
Q

Tidal volume

A

Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (about 500 ml)

28
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tital volume (2100-3200 ml)

29
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)

30
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)

31
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Increased airway resistance

32
Q

Restrictive disorders

A

Reduction in the total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes

33
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Volume of the conducting respiratory passages (150 ml)

34
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

35
Q

Minute ventilation rate (MVR)

A

Measures the TOTAL amount of air flowing into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute

36
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

A

Frequency x (TV-dead space) in ml/min

37
Q

Factors influencing gas exchange

A

partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, structural characteristics of respiratory membrane

38
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

Separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

39
Q

Henry’s law

A

A gas in contact with a liquid will dissolve in that liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

40
Q

Bohr effect

A

Declining pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

41
Q

Three forms that can transport CO2

A

Dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to open spot on hemoglobin (20%), bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)

42
Q

Chloride shift

A

To counterbalance outrush of bicarbonate ions from RBCs, chloride ions rush in from the plasma into the cytoplasm to ensure charge remains constant!

43
Q

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

Modulator

44
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

Sets base rate

45
Q

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

A

Adapts breathing to special situations (eg. crying, sleeping, speaking, etc.)

46
Q

Formula for MVR

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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