Unit 2 Exam (Respiratory)

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

Moving air into and out of the lungs

Question 2

External respiration

Answer 2

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 3

Transport

Answer 3

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

Gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Question 5

What is included in the respiratory zone?

Answer 5

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 6

What is included in the conducting zone?

Answer 6

All other structures (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea)

Question 7

Air passages undergo ____ orders of branching in the lungs

Answer 7

23

Question 8

Parietal pleura

Answer 8

Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm, continues around heart and between lungs

Question 9

Visceral pleura

Answer 9

Covers the external lung surface

Question 10

Are the two pleura physically connected to one another?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

What surrounds alveoli?

Answer 11

Fine elastic fibers

Question 12

Air-blood barrier

Answer 12

Respiratory membrane (Alveolar and capillary walls) with fused basal laminas

Question 13

Alveolar walls are made up of…

Answer 13

single layer of type I epithelial cells (90%)

Question 14

What do the alveolar walls secrete?

Answer 14

Surfactant

Question 15

Purpose of surfactant

Answer 15

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveoli from sticking together

Question 16

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 16

Weight of the air outside the lungs = 760 mmHg at sea level

Question 17

Intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 17

Pressure within the alveoli (or inside the lungs)

Question 18

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 18

Pressure within the pleural space (creates a slight vacuum; NEGATIVE)

Question 19

Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 19

Difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural, keeps lungs from collapsing

Question 20

Two forces trying to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall

Answer 20

Elasticity and surface tension

Question 21

Good surface tension

Answer 21

Between pleura

Question 22

Bad surface tension

Answer 22

In the alveoli

Question 23

Clinical name for lung collapse

Answer 23

Atelectasis

Question 24

Boyle’s law

Answer 24

P=1/v (volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa)

Question 25

Three main factors of airway resistance

Answer 25

Diameter of the bronchioles, lung compliance, surface tension of alveoli

Question 26

Lung compliance

Answer 26

The ease with which lungs can be expanded

Question 27

Tidal volume

Answer 27

Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (about 500 ml)

Question 28

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 28

Air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tital volume (2100-3200 ml)

Question 29

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 29

Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000-1200 ml)

Question 30

Residual volume

Answer 30

Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)

Question 31

Obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 31

Increased airway resistance

Question 32

Restrictive disorders

Answer 32

Reduction in the total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes

Question 33

Anatomical dead space

Answer 33

Volume of the conducting respiratory passages (150 ml)

Question 34

Alveolar dead space

Answer 34

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

Question 35

Minute ventilation rate (MVR)

Answer 35

Measures the TOTAL amount of air flowing into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute

Question 36

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

Answer 36

Frequency x (TV-dead space) in ml/min

Question 37

Factors influencing gas exchange

Answer 37

partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, structural characteristics of respiratory membrane

Question 38

Dalton's law of partial pressure

Answer 38

Separate contribution of each gas in a mixture

Question 39

Henry's law

Answer 39

A gas in contact with a liquid will dissolve in that liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

Question 40

Bohr effect

Answer 40

Declining pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Question 41

Three forms that can transport CO2

Answer 41

Dissolved in plasma (7-10%), chemically bound to open spot on hemoglobin (20%), bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)

Question 42

Chloride shift

Answer 42

To counterbalance outrush of bicarbonate ions from RBCs, chloride ions rush in from the plasma into the cytoplasm to ensure charge remains constant!

Question 43

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Answer 43

Modulator

Question 44

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Answer 44

Sets base rate

Question 45

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Answer 45

Adapts breathing to special situations (eg. crying, sleeping, speaking, etc.)

Question 46

Formula for MVR

Answer 46

tidal volume x respiratory rate