Final Exam

Question 1

What is sperm capacitation?

Answer 1

When a sperm undergoes changes in the female reproductive tract to become able to fertilize egg

Question 2

What occurs during capacitation?

Answer 2

Sperm head made more fragile and Ca2+ enters it, activation of acrosomal enzymes

Question 3

B protein used to attach sperm to ovum

Answer 3

Attach to membrane

Question 4

Alpha proteins used to attach sperm to ovum

Answer 4

Insert through membrane

Question 5

What happens when the sperm enters the ovum?

Answer 5

Digests hole through zona pellucida, detaches tail, disrupts cortical granules

Question 6

Fast block to polyspermy

Answer 6

Influx of Na+ and release of Ca2+ from cortical granules to depolarize membrane

Question 7

Slow block to polyspermy

Answer 7

Release of sperm from protein B, downregulate protein B, cleave protein A using zonal inhibiting proteins

Question 8

Normal pH

Answer 8

7.35 - 7.45

Question 9

What do syncytiotrophoblasts do?

Answer 9

Active invasion of the endometrium, release of digestive enzymes to break down uterine vessels and endometrial glands

Question 10

How does blastocyst differentiate?

Answer 10

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Question 11

Umbilical arteries = ________

Answer 11

Deoxygenated fetal blood

Question 12

Umbilical veins = ________

Answer 12

Oxygenated fetal blood

Question 13

What does HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) do?

Answer 13

Maintain corpus luteum hormone production until placenta fully formed

Question 14

hPL

Answer 14

Human placental lactogen

Question 15

Stages of childbirth

Answer 15

Early dilation, rupture of amniotic sac, late dilation, expulsion, afterbirth

Question 16

Oxytocin

Answer 16

Stimulates uterus to make prostaglandins, increase vigorous uterine contractions