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anatomy & physiology > unit 2 exam (cells, tissues, integ) > Flashcards

unit 2 exam (cells, tissues, integ) Flashcards

1
Q

nerve cells

A

specialize in response

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2
Q

red blood cells

A

specialize in oxygen transport

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3
Q

apoptosis

A

process where cells intentionally die

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4
Q

necrosis

A

unprogrammed death of cells

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5
Q

mitosis

A

division for growth of maintenance of the human body, division and creation of new daughter cells. STAGE ONE division of the nucleus. STAGE TWO division of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

meiosis

A

reproduction

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7
Q

chromosomes (mitosis)

A

each cell carries a complete set of chromosomes (46)

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8
Q

chromosomes (meiosis)

A

each cell carries half of the chromosomes (23)

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9
Q

ovum (meiosis)

A

female gamete, has 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

sperm

A

male gamete, has 23 chromosomes

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11
Q

interphase

A

resting stage, all processes occur to maintain homeostasis,replication, centrioles replicate

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12
Q

chromatid

A

replicated chromosome

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13
Q

prophase

A

two pairs of centrioles start to separate towards the opposite ends of the cell, arrayof sytoplasmic microtubules forms between, nuclear membrane dissolves

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14
Q

metaphase

A

chromatid pairs arrange in a single file line, one chromatid pair per spindle fiber between two centrioles

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15
Q

anaphase

A

chromatid pairs separate and are pulled toward the centrioles, two chromatids are fully separated.

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16
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell, chromosomes uncoil, membranes reappear to re-establish nuclei, plasma membrane closes off forming two new daughter cells.

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17
Q

cell membrane

A

composed of phospholipid bilayer, transport proteins, cholesterol

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18
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

doesn’t allow anything large (large molecule) or charged (ions) through the membrane

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19
Q

permeability

A

allowing materials to move through a membrane, cell membrane controls passage of substance into and out of the cell, maintains homeostasis of internal and external cellular environments

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20
Q

passive transport

A

does not require energy to move materials across a membrane

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21
Q

active transport

A

does require energy to move materials across a membrane (protein pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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22
Q

diffusion

A

molecules of liquids,gases, or solid particles spread evenly through a medium, molecules generally move away from an area where they are greatly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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23
Q

main substances that travel into/out of cell via diffusion

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones

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24
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through the cell membrane, movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. homeostasis reached once osmosis pressure on the inside and outside of cell are equal

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25
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force exerted by water molecules

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26
Q

isotonic cell

A

osmotic pressure on inside of cell and outside of cell are equal (homeostasis

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27
Q

hypertonic cell

A

more solute outside the cell. results in water rushing out of the cell, causing it to shrink

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28
Q

hypotonic cell

A

more solute inside the cell. results in water rushing into the cell, causing the cell to swell and rupture.

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29
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”, engulfing of substances by the cell membrane

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30
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”, creation of pinocytic vesicles that engulf large molecules in solution, breaks down nutrients

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31
Q

active transport

A

molecules move across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, moving against the concentration gradient, this process requires energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate

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32
Q

ATP

A

generated by our cell’s metabolism by using the food we eat and the air we breathe

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33
Q

sodium-potassium pumps

A

trade 3 Na+ ions from intracellular environment + ATP for 2 K+ ions from the extracellular environment, occurs within nerve cell to generate an action potential (electrical current)

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34
Q

rmp

A

resting membrane potential,charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell in excitable tissues

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35
Q

excitable tissues

A

muscle and nervous tissue, prepares nerve or muscle cell for excitement, allows nerve to conduct charge, allows muscle to contract

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36
Q

established with Na+/K+Pumps

A

rmp=-70mV

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37
Q

aging

A

aging is a phase of normal development

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38
Q

older people may have – less cells

A

30%

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39
Q

after age 30, – of cellular reserve is lost per year

A

1%

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40
Q

largest changes occur in the…

A

heart, lung and kidneys.

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41
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of a cell

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42
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of a cell

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43
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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44
Q

metaplasia

A

change from one cell type to another

45
Q

dysplasia

A

change to the size, shape and organizations of cells as a result of a stimulus

46
Q

neoplasia

A

changes in cell structure that occur in an abnormal growth pattern

47
Q

tumors result when…

A

cell division does not occur in the usual pattern (“neoplasms”)

48
Q

benign tumors

A

composed of cells confined to a local area, noncanerous

49
Q

malignant tumors

A

cells continue to grow, crowding out healthy cells, interfering with body functions and drawing nutrients away from the body tissues, spread to other body parts through metastasis

50
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

cancer is limited to tissue of origin

51
Q

stage 2 cancer

A

there is limites local spread of cancer cells, may involve nearest lymph node

52
Q

stage 3 cancer

A

extensive local and regional spread to lymph nodes

53
Q

stage 4 cancer

A

cancer has metastasized to other organs throughout the body

54
Q

nuclear membrane

A

has openings at regular intervals that allow materials through

55
Q

nucleolus

A

small round body within the nucleus, contains ribosomesxomposed of ribonucleic acid

56
Q

ribosomes

A

ribosomes aid in protein synthesis

57
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A

protect body by covering internal and external surfaces, allow for absorption of nutrients of digestive system, allow for secretion of hormones in the endocrine system, allow for secretion of enzymes in digestive system, allow for excretion of sweat in the integumentary system, allow for gas exchange in the repiratory system

58
Q

lumen

A

empty space, appears empty under a microscope, the inside space of a tubular structure

59
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

flat, irregularly shaped cells

60
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

cubed shaped cells

61
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

elongated, nucleus is often near the bottom of the cell

62
Q

where to find squamous epithelial tissue

A

found in lining of heart, blood vessels, alveoli, skin

63
Q

where to find cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

found in lining of kidney tubules, ovaries

64
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

found in lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract, often ciliated

65
Q

endocrine gland cells

A

secrete substances directly into the blood stream

66
Q

exocrine gland cells

A

secrete substances directly into ducts, then out of the body

67
Q

connective tissue

A

allows for movement, doesnt create movement, provdes support

68
Q

adipose tissue

A

stores lipids, acts as filler tissue, cushions, found in subcutaneous layer, around the kidneys, padding around joints, marrow of long bones

69
Q

dense fibrous tissue

A

made of closely packed collagen cells, has a poor blood supply and heals slowly (ligaments, tendons, fascia)

70
Q

osseous bone tissue

A

comprises the skeleton of the body, calcification allows for bone strength

71
Q

cartilage

A

acts to provide firm but flexible support to the skeleton.

72
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

found on bone surfaces within joints and connects ribs to sternum

73
Q

fibrocartilage

A

found in intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

74
Q

elastic cartilage

A

found in external ear

75
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striped, voluntary, found in muscle attached to skeleton

76
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

non striped, involuntary, found in walls of internal organs

77
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated, intercalated discs, involuntary, only in the walls of the heart

78
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

79
Q

irritability

A

ability to respond to changes

80
Q

conductivity

A

ability to carry a nerve impulse

81
Q

membranes

A

mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes

82
Q

mucous membranes

A

lines and protects the inside of structures and organs, has direct contact with external environment (nasal mucosa, gastric mucosa, intestinal mucosa)

83
Q

serous membranes

A

double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid and lines outside of organs/ internal structures (meninges ((lines brain and spinal cord)), pleural membrane, pericardial membrane, peritoneal membrane)

84
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

85
Q

synovial membrane

A

two layers of connective tissue, lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

86
Q

bodys largest organ

A

your skin

87
Q

integumentary “covering” system

A

includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

88
Q

epidermis

A

outermost covering, avascular

89
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce keratin (waterproof covering)

90
Q

merkel cells

A

sensory receptors for touch

91
Q

langerhans cells

A

macrophages that defend against microorganisms

92
Q
A
93
Q

dermis

A

under the epidermis, “true skin”, connective tissue, vascular, appendages

94
Q

sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands, produce sweat, 500 ml lost per day thru skin

95
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

contracts to cause goosebumps

96
Q

bulb

A

location of the formation of hair

97
Q

root

A

the base, thickest portion of hair

98
Q

shaft

A

portion outside the skin

99
Q

thick skin

A

present on soles of feet and palms of hands, has extra layer called stratum lucidum NO HAIR

100
Q

sebaceous gland

A

secretes sebum

101
Q

nails

A

epidermal cells that form a hard keritanized plate, multiple layers of collagen and keratin and epithelial cells

102
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle

103
Q

lunula

A

lil white thing at end of nail

104
Q

nail body

A

top of nail

105
Q

free edge

A

cliff of nail

106
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

“hypodermic layer”, composed of adipose tissue

107
Q

stratum germinativum

A

deepest layer of epidermis

108
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer of epidermis

109
Q

stratum spinosum

A

middle layer of epidermis

anatomy & physiology (5 decks)

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