unit 2 exam (cells, tissues, integ) Flashcards
nerve cells
specialize in response
red blood cells
specialize in oxygen transport
apoptosis
process where cells intentionally die
necrosis
unprogrammed death of cells
mitosis
division for growth of maintenance of the human body, division and creation of new daughter cells. STAGE ONE division of the nucleus. STAGE TWO division of the cytoplasm
meiosis
reproduction
chromosomes (mitosis)
each cell carries a complete set of chromosomes (46)
chromosomes (meiosis)
each cell carries half of the chromosomes (23)
ovum (meiosis)
female gamete, has 23 chromosomes
sperm
male gamete, has 23 chromosomes
interphase
resting stage, all processes occur to maintain homeostasis,replication, centrioles replicate
chromatid
replicated chromosome
prophase
two pairs of centrioles start to separate towards the opposite ends of the cell, arrayof sytoplasmic microtubules forms between, nuclear membrane dissolves
metaphase
chromatid pairs arrange in a single file line, one chromatid pair per spindle fiber between two centrioles
anaphase
chromatid pairs separate and are pulled toward the centrioles, two chromatids are fully separated.
telophase
chromosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell, chromosomes uncoil, membranes reappear to re-establish nuclei, plasma membrane closes off forming two new daughter cells.
cell membrane
composed of phospholipid bilayer, transport proteins, cholesterol
phospholipid bilayer
doesn’t allow anything large (large molecule) or charged (ions) through the membrane
permeability
allowing materials to move through a membrane, cell membrane controls passage of substance into and out of the cell, maintains homeostasis of internal and external cellular environments
passive transport
does not require energy to move materials across a membrane
active transport
does require energy to move materials across a membrane (protein pumps, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
diffusion
molecules of liquids,gases, or solid particles spread evenly through a medium, molecules generally move away from an area where they are greatly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
main substances that travel into/out of cell via diffusion
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones
osmosis
diffusion of water through the cell membrane, movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. homeostasis reached once osmosis pressure on the inside and outside of cell are equal
osmotic pressure
force exerted by water molecules
isotonic cell
osmotic pressure on inside of cell and outside of cell are equal (homeostasis
hypertonic cell
more solute outside the cell. results in water rushing out of the cell, causing it to shrink
hypotonic cell
more solute inside the cell. results in water rushing into the cell, causing the cell to swell and rupture.
phagocytosis
“cell eating”, engulfing of substances by the cell membrane
pinocytosis
“cell drinking”, creation of pinocytic vesicles that engulf large molecules in solution, breaks down nutrients
active transport
molecules move across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, moving against the concentration gradient, this process requires energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate
ATP
generated by our cell’s metabolism by using the food we eat and the air we breathe
sodium-potassium pumps
trade 3 Na+ ions from intracellular environment + ATP for 2 K+ ions from the extracellular environment, occurs within nerve cell to generate an action potential (electrical current)
rmp
resting membrane potential,charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell in excitable tissues
excitable tissues
muscle and nervous tissue, prepares nerve or muscle cell for excitement, allows nerve to conduct charge, allows muscle to contract
established with Na+/K+Pumps
rmp=-70mV
aging
aging is a phase of normal development
older people may have – less cells
30%
after age 30, – of cellular reserve is lost per year
1%
largest changes occur in the…
heart, lung and kidneys.
atrophy
decrease in size of a cell
hypertrophy
increase in size of a cell
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
metaplasia
change from one cell type to another
dysplasia
change to the size, shape and organizations of cells as a result of a stimulus
neoplasia
changes in cell structure that occur in an abnormal growth pattern
tumors result when…
cell division does not occur in the usual pattern (“neoplasms”)
benign tumors
composed of cells confined to a local area, noncanerous
malignant tumors
cells continue to grow, crowding out healthy cells, interfering with body functions and drawing nutrients away from the body tissues, spread to other body parts through metastasis
stage 1 cancer
cancer is limited to tissue of origin
stage 2 cancer
there is limites local spread of cancer cells, may involve nearest lymph node
stage 3 cancer
extensive local and regional spread to lymph nodes
stage 4 cancer
cancer has metastasized to other organs throughout the body
nuclear membrane
has openings at regular intervals that allow materials through
nucleolus
small round body within the nucleus, contains ribosomesxomposed of ribonucleic acid
ribosomes
ribosomes aid in protein synthesis
epithelial tissue functions
protect body by covering internal and external surfaces, allow for absorption of nutrients of digestive system, allow for secretion of hormones in the endocrine system, allow for secretion of enzymes in digestive system, allow for excretion of sweat in the integumentary system, allow for gas exchange in the repiratory system
lumen
empty space, appears empty under a microscope, the inside space of a tubular structure
squamous epithelial tissue
flat, irregularly shaped cells
cuboidal epithelial tissue
cubed shaped cells
columnar epithelial tissue
elongated, nucleus is often near the bottom of the cell
where to find squamous epithelial tissue
found in lining of heart, blood vessels, alveoli, skin
where to find cuboidal epithelial tissue
found in lining of kidney tubules, ovaries
columnar epithelial tissue
found in lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract, often ciliated
endocrine gland cells
secrete substances directly into the blood stream
exocrine gland cells
secrete substances directly into ducts, then out of the body
connective tissue
allows for movement, doesnt create movement, provdes support
adipose tissue
stores lipids, acts as filler tissue, cushions, found in subcutaneous layer, around the kidneys, padding around joints, marrow of long bones
dense fibrous tissue
made of closely packed collagen cells, has a poor blood supply and heals slowly (ligaments, tendons, fascia)
osseous bone tissue
comprises the skeleton of the body, calcification allows for bone strength
cartilage
acts to provide firm but flexible support to the skeleton.
hyaline cartilage
found on bone surfaces within joints and connects ribs to sternum
fibrocartilage
found in intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
elastic cartilage
found in external ear
skeletal muscle tissue
striped, voluntary, found in muscle attached to skeleton
smooth muscle tissue
non striped, involuntary, found in walls of internal organs
cardiac muscle tissue
striated, intercalated discs, involuntary, only in the walls of the heart
nervous tissue
neurons found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
irritability
ability to respond to changes
conductivity
ability to carry a nerve impulse
membranes
mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes
mucous membranes
lines and protects the inside of structures and organs, has direct contact with external environment (nasal mucosa, gastric mucosa, intestinal mucosa)
serous membranes
double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid and lines outside of organs/ internal structures (meninges ((lines brain and spinal cord)), pleural membrane, pericardial membrane, peritoneal membrane)
cutaneous membrane
skin
synovial membrane
two layers of connective tissue, lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid which prevents friction inside the joint cavity
bodys largest organ
your skin
integumentary “covering” system
includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
epidermis
outermost covering, avascular
keratinocytes
produce keratin (waterproof covering)
merkel cells
sensory receptors for touch
langerhans cells
macrophages that defend against microorganisms
dermis
under the epidermis, “true skin”, connective tissue, vascular, appendages
sweat glands
sudoriferous glands, produce sweat, 500 ml lost per day thru skin
arrector pili muscle
contracts to cause goosebumps
bulb
location of the formation of hair
root
the base, thickest portion of hair
shaft
portion outside the skin
thick skin
present on soles of feet and palms of hands, has extra layer called stratum lucidum NO HAIR
sebaceous gland
secretes sebum
nails
epidermal cells that form a hard keritanized plate, multiple layers of collagen and keratin and epithelial cells
eponychium
cuticle
lunula
lil white thing at end of nail
nail body
top of nail
free edge
cliff of nail
subcutaneous layer
“hypodermic layer”, composed of adipose tissue
stratum germinativum
deepest layer of epidermis
stratum corneum
most superficial layer of epidermis
stratum spinosum
middle layer of epidermis
