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anatomy & physiology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of the structure of matter and the composition of substances, their properties, and their chemical reactions

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2
Q

biochemistry

A

the study of chemical reactions within living things

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3
Q

matter

A

anything that has weight (mass) and occupies space. neither created or destroyed, changes through physical or chemical means

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4
Q

3 states of matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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5
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in cells, waiting to be released

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

work resulting in motion

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7
Q

atoms

A

the fundamental building block of chemistry and the smallest piece of an element

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8
Q

protons

A

positively charged, found in nucleus

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9
Q

neutrons

A

no charge/ neutral, found in nucleus

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10
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged, found in outer electron shells

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11
Q

extra

A

all atoms are neutrally charged because they contain the same number of protons and electrons

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12
Q

elements

A

pure substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance that are made of alike atoms

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13
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons, same number of electrons

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14
Q

isotope

A

atoms of a specific element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

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15
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable & decay, emit radiation

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16
Q

medical imaging with radiation

A

uses radioactive isotopes to create images, nuclear medicine

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17
Q

Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan

A

computer detects patterns of radiation absorption within the body tissues, produces cross-section images of the body, results in 3 dimensional view

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18
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A

patient is given a radioactive isotope (inhaled or injected), body metabolizes the isotope and creates an image

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19
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Generates specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves, changes the alignment of of hydrogen atoms within tissues

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20
Q

Ultrasound (sonography)

A

uses high frequency sound waves, waves bounce off the transducer through body tissues to produce an image

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21
Q

elements pt 2

A

atoms that are alike combine to form the next stage of matter, can exist in more than one form in our body. bone(solid) contains calcium. air (gas) contains oxygen. intracellular fluid (liquid) contains hydrogen and oxygen

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22
Q

compounds

A

various elements can combine in a definite proportion by weight to form compounds, compounds have different properties, depending on the combination of elements. compounds are represented by a formula (formula shows the types and proportions of elements within a compound)

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23
Q

HCl

A

hydrochloric acid

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24
Q

NaCl

A

table salt

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25
Q

HaHCO3

A

baking powder

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26
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

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27
Q

molecules

A

the smallest unit of a compound

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28
Q

chemical bonds

A

atoms can share or combine electrons with other atoms of different elements to form chemical bonds.

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29
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond

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30
Q

ion

A

charged particle(atom) that has lost or gained electrons

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31
Q

cations

A

form when an atom loses 1+ electrons, more protons than electrons= positive charge

32
Q

anions

A

form when an atom gains 1+ electron, more electrons than protons=negative charge

33
Q

ionic bonds

A

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, cations and anions are attracted to one another

34
Q

electrolytes

A

when ionic bonded compounds are in solution they disassociate (breakdown) into ions, these charged elements are electrolytes, ions in the body make it possible for materials to be combined,altered, broken down, and recombined into new substances

35
Q

inorganic compounds

A

molecules that DO NOT contain carbon, water is most important inorganic compound

36
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon and combines with hydrogen and other elements

37
Q

monosaccharides

A

sugars that CANNOT be broken down any further, “simple sugars”

38
Q

types of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

39
Q

glucose

A

main source of energy used by body, stored in the form of glycogen

40
Q

fructose

A

sweetest, found in honey and fruit

41
Q

galactose

A

found in milk, essential for infant development

42
Q

ribose and deoxyribose

A

found in rna and dna

43
Q

disaccharides

A

combination of two monosaccharides

44
Q

maltose

A

glucose+glucose

45
Q

sucrose

A

table sugar, glucose+fructose

46
Q

lactose

A

glucose+galactose

47
Q

polysaccharides

A

large,complex molecules of hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules bonded together

48
Q

starch

A

found in potatoes and grain products

49
Q

cellulose

A

found in fruits and vegetables

50
Q

glycogen

A

bodys method of storing glucose for later energy use

51
Q

lipids

A

referred to as fats, important source of stored energy

52
Q

types of lipids

A

triglycerides,phospholipids,steroids

53
Q

triglycerides

A

fats, make up 95% of fat is human body, energy source and insulation

54
Q

phospholipids

A

found in cell membrane, the brain, and nervous tissue

55
Q

steroids

A

components of steroid hormones, contain cholesterol, essential to cell membrane permeability, manufacturing of vitamin d, male and female hormones

56
Q

is cholesterol bad

A

essential to health, fatty substance that can build up the arteries

57
Q

lipoproteins

A

carry cholesterol through the blood stream to the cell

58
Q

high density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

GOOD, prevents plaque from accumulating on walls of arteries
(olive oils, avocados, flaxseeds, whole grains, beans and legumes, plant products)

59
Q

low density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

BAD, contributes to plaque build up in arteries (beef, pork, butter, cream, milk, animal products)

60
Q

proteins

A

most diverse and essential organic compounds found in all living things, found in every part of a living cell, also serve as binding agents.

61
Q

amino acids

A

small molecular units that build proteins. 10 essential vs 10 nonessential

62
Q

essential amino acids

A

cannot be, manufactured, must be EATEN

63
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

can be manufactured by the body

64
Q

enzymes

A

specialized protein molecules, help to control various chemical reactions occurring in a cell, may affect the rate or speed of a chemical reaction

65
Q

nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acids)

A

DNA, double stranded, 46 chromosomes to create a long coiled molecule of DNA, unique for every person

66
Q

nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid)

A

RNA, single stranded, make proteins to carry out the DNA blueprint

67
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)

68
Q

acid

A

a substance that yields H+ ions when dissolved in solution, presence of H+ ions will give an acid a sour taste

69
Q

base

A

a substance that yields hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in solution, also called alkali, bitter taste

70
Q

neutralization

A

when an acid and a base are combined, they form salt and water, called neutralization

71
Q

pH scale

A

measure of acidity or alkalinity, ranges from 0-14

72
Q

pH of 7

A

neutral

73
Q

pH of 0-6.9

A

acid

74
Q

pH of 7.1-14

A

alkaline (basic)

75
Q

homeostasis of acid-base

A

living cells are very sensitive to change in the acid base balance, living tissues remain relatively close to neutral, if acid base balance is not maintained, calls & tissues will become damaged.

76
Q

human tears

A

7.4 pH

77
Q

blood

A

7.35-7.45 pH

anatomy & physiology (5 decks)

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