unit 1 Flashcards
chemistry
the study of the structure of matter and the composition of substances, their properties, and their chemical reactions
biochemistry
the study of chemical reactions within living things
matter
anything that has weight (mass) and occupies space. neither created or destroyed, changes through physical or chemical means
3 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
potential energy
energy stored in cells, waiting to be released
kinetic energy
work resulting in motion
atoms
the fundamental building block of chemistry and the smallest piece of an element
protons
positively charged, found in nucleus
neutrons
no charge/ neutral, found in nucleus
electrons
negatively charged, found in outer electron shells
extra
all atoms are neutrally charged because they contain the same number of protons and electrons
elements
pure substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance that are made of alike atoms
atomic number
number of protons, same number of electrons
isotope
atoms of a specific element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
radioactive isotopes
unstable & decay, emit radiation
medical imaging with radiation
uses radioactive isotopes to create images, nuclear medicine
Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan
computer detects patterns of radiation absorption within the body tissues, produces cross-section images of the body, results in 3 dimensional view
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
patient is given a radioactive isotope (inhaled or injected), body metabolizes the isotope and creates an image
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Generates specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves, changes the alignment of of hydrogen atoms within tissues
Ultrasound (sonography)
uses high frequency sound waves, waves bounce off the transducer through body tissues to produce an image
elements pt 2
atoms that are alike combine to form the next stage of matter, can exist in more than one form in our body. bone(solid) contains calcium. air (gas) contains oxygen. intracellular fluid (liquid) contains hydrogen and oxygen
compounds
various elements can combine in a definite proportion by weight to form compounds, compounds have different properties, depending on the combination of elements. compounds are represented by a formula (formula shows the types and proportions of elements within a compound)
HCl
hydrochloric acid
NaCl
table salt
HaHCO3
baking powder
C6H12O6
glucose
molecules
the smallest unit of a compound
chemical bonds
atoms can share or combine electrons with other atoms of different elements to form chemical bonds.
3 types of chemical bonds
ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond
ion
charged particle(atom) that has lost or gained electrons
cations
form when an atom loses 1+ electrons, more protons than electrons= positive charge
anions
form when an atom gains 1+ electron, more electrons than protons=negative charge
ionic bonds
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, cations and anions are attracted to one another
electrolytes
when ionic bonded compounds are in solution they disassociate (breakdown) into ions, these charged elements are electrolytes, ions in the body make it possible for materials to be combined,altered, broken down, and recombined into new substances
inorganic compounds
molecules that DO NOT contain carbon, water is most important inorganic compound
organic compounds
contain carbon and combines with hydrogen and other elements
monosaccharides
sugars that CANNOT be broken down any further, “simple sugars”
types of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
glucose
main source of energy used by body, stored in the form of glycogen
fructose
sweetest, found in honey and fruit
galactose
found in milk, essential for infant development
ribose and deoxyribose
found in rna and dna
disaccharides
combination of two monosaccharides
maltose
glucose+glucose
sucrose
table sugar, glucose+fructose
lactose
glucose+galactose
polysaccharides
large,complex molecules of hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules bonded together
starch
found in potatoes and grain products
cellulose
found in fruits and vegetables
glycogen
bodys method of storing glucose for later energy use
lipids
referred to as fats, important source of stored energy
types of lipids
triglycerides,phospholipids,steroids
triglycerides
fats, make up 95% of fat is human body, energy source and insulation
phospholipids
found in cell membrane, the brain, and nervous tissue
steroids
components of steroid hormones, contain cholesterol, essential to cell membrane permeability, manufacturing of vitamin d, male and female hormones
is cholesterol bad
essential to health, fatty substance that can build up the arteries
lipoproteins
carry cholesterol through the blood stream to the cell
high density lipoproteins (HDL)
GOOD, prevents plaque from accumulating on walls of arteries
(olive oils, avocados, flaxseeds, whole grains, beans and legumes, plant products)
low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
BAD, contributes to plaque build up in arteries (beef, pork, butter, cream, milk, animal products)
proteins
most diverse and essential organic compounds found in all living things, found in every part of a living cell, also serve as binding agents.
amino acids
small molecular units that build proteins. 10 essential vs 10 nonessential
essential amino acids
cannot be, manufactured, must be EATEN
nonessential amino acids
can be manufactured by the body
enzymes
specialized protein molecules, help to control various chemical reactions occurring in a cell, may affect the rate or speed of a chemical reaction
nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acids)
DNA, double stranded, 46 chromosomes to create a long coiled molecule of DNA, unique for every person
nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid)
RNA, single stranded, make proteins to carry out the DNA blueprint
3 types of RNA
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
acid
a substance that yields H+ ions when dissolved in solution, presence of H+ ions will give an acid a sour taste
base
a substance that yields hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in solution, also called alkali, bitter taste
neutralization
when an acid and a base are combined, they form salt and water, called neutralization
pH scale
measure of acidity or alkalinity, ranges from 0-14
pH of 7
neutral
pH of 0-6.9
acid
pH of 7.1-14
alkaline (basic)
homeostasis of acid-base
living cells are very sensitive to change in the acid base balance, living tissues remain relatively close to neutral, if acid base balance is not maintained, calls & tissues will become damaged.
human tears
7.4 pH
blood
7.35-7.45 pH
