Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
Are changes in height and weight faster or slower in preschool years compared to infancy?
Slower
Gland that releases hormones that induce growth
Pituitary gland
Leading cause of childhood death in industrialized nations
Accidents
Factors related to childhood injuries
Lack of judgement, gender, temperament, poverty
The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other
Lateralization
Which hemisphere is language mostly processed in
Left
Aids in balance and control of body movement
Cerebellum
Maintains alertness and consciousness
Reticular formation
Memory
Hippocampus
Second stage of Piaget’s theory
Preoperational stage
Preoperational stage
Thinking still limited, better able to use symbols
Inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective
Egocentrism
Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
Animism
Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others (narrow thought)
Centration
Conservation task
Equal jars of milk (one gets poured into skinnier, taller jar and they think that one has more than the other)
Memory of particular events from one’s own life
Autobiographical memory
Children advance when working with someone more skilled
Sociocultural perspective (Vygotsky)
Difference between what one can do with assistance and what one can do alone
Zone of proximal development
Teacher matches assistance to learner’s needs
Scaffolding
Comments used to regulate own behavior (completing a difficult task, making a mistake)
Private speech
Vocabulary rapidly expands
Naming explosion
New words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
Fast mapping
Minimal unit of meaning
Grammatical morphemes
Learning takes place through play
Child-centered programs
Teachers structure children’s learning of academic skills through formal lessons
Academic programs
Federally funded program that provides children with a year or two of preschool, along with nutritional and health services
Head Start
A set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Self-concept
Preschoolers self-concepts include…
Physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, competencies
Promotes interdependence
Collectivistic orientation
Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
Individualistic orientation
Play alone but interested in what others are doing
Parallel play
Engage in similar activities and offer each other toys
Associative play
Organize play around a theme and take on roles based on the theme
Cooperative play
2 dimensions of parenting
Degree of warmth and responsiveness, control
High control with little warmth, little give-and-take
Authoritarian
Fair degree of control and warmth, explain rules and encourage discussion
Authoritative parenting
Warm but little control, punish infrequently
Permissive/indulgent parenting
No warmth and control, provide basic needs but little else
Uninvolved/neglectful parenting
Forms of maltreatment
Physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, psychological abuse
Factors that contribute to maltreatment
Culture’s view on physical punishment, poverty, social isolation, parents
Factor of parents on maltreatment
Parents who maltreat their children often were maltreated themselves
The abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
Cycle of violence hypothesis
Refers to changes in people’s sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues
Moral development
Stage 1 of Piaget’s theory
No well-defined ideas about morality
Stage 2 of Piaget’s theory: Moral realism
Believe that rules are created by adults and they must be followed
Idea that breaking a rule always leads to punishment
Immanent justice
Stage 3 of Piaget’s theory: Moral relativism
Understand that rules are created to help people get along
Uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal
Instrumental aggression
Use aggression to intimidate, harass, or humiliate
Hostile aggression
One’s behavior leads to another’s aggression
Reactive aggression
Undermining of social relationships
Relational aggression
Approach that emphasizes how social and environmental conditions teach individuals to be aggressive
Social learning approach
Social and environmental factors for aggression
Parent’s approach to discipline, exposure to violent media
Approach that suggests that aggression is related to one’s interpretation of others’ behaviors
Cognitive approach
Defined as body weight that is more than 20% above the average for a person of a given age and height
Obesity
Contributors to childhood obesity
Heredity, environment, parents
Internal cues in regards to food
Feeling full
External cues in regards to food
Parents forcing you to clean your plate, etc.
One of the more common illnesses experienced during mild childhood
Asthma
Factors that contribute to asthma
Heredity, environmental factors (more likely when living in poverty)
Learning disabilities characterized by…
Difficulty mastering an academic subject, normal intelligence, not suffering from any other conditions that could explain poor performance
Involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity
ADHD
Piaget’s third stage: concrete operational
Begins to use mental operations (strategies and rules), still limited to the tangible and real
Involves repeating the information to oneself
Rehearsal
Structure material so that related information is placed together
Organization
Embellish information to make it more memorable
Elaboration
Knowledge about literacy that children acquire before learning to read
Emergent literacy
Ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters (eg. identifying words that rhyme)
Phonological awareness
Characterized by problems such as letter reversals, slow reading, and reduced comprehension
Dyslexia
Potential causes of dyslexia
Phonological processing (speech and hearing), heredity, neurological problems
Focuses on letter names, then letter sounds, and then syllables and words
Phonics
Recognizes whole words on sight
Whole word
Immerses child in language
Whole language
Scale used to test verbal ability and performance
Wechsler-Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
Fluid intelligence
Accumulated knowledge
Crystalized intelligence
Substantially below-average intelligence
Intellectual disability
Lowest level of intellectual disability
Profound - IQ around 20; custodial
2nd level of intellectual disability
Severe - IQ 20-35; custodial
3rd level of intellectual disability
Moderate - IQ 35-50; trainable
4th level of intellectual disability
Mild - IQ 50-70; educable
Individuals with IQ scores of 130 or higher
Giftedness
Knowledge of stereotypes that leads to anxiety and reduced performance
Stereotype threats
Self-concept in middle childhood becomes more complex and includes…
Emotional tendencies, membership in social groups, social comparisons
Evaluation of one’s own behavior, abilities, and expertise by comparing them to those of others
Social comparison
When children compare themselves to others who are less competent or successful
Downward social comparisons
Refers to a person’s judgement and feelings about his or her own worth
Self-esteem
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning: Punishment and rewards
Preconventional
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning: Rules and approval of others
Conventional
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning: Abstract principles
Postconventional
Friendships in middle childhood
Trust and psychological closeness become part of the criteria for friendship
The extent to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner
Likeability
Consequences of peer rejection
Poor school performance, depression, antisocial behavior
Well-liked children
Popular
Disliked children - typically the most problematic
Rejected
Children that are both liked and disliked
Controversial
Children that are liked and disliked but without the intensity found for popular, rejected, or controversial children
Average
Ignored, neither liked nor disliked
Neglected
Peer group interactions in middle childhood are gender-segregated
Gender self-segregation
When siblings compete or quarrel with one another - tends to increase in middle childhood
Sibling rivalry
Let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caregivers return
Self-care children
Is there a noticeable difference between self-care children and children who return to home with parents
NO
Children of divorce are more likely to…
Experience conflict in their own marriages, have negative attitudes toward marriage, become divorced themselves
Changes in family life that affect children…
Loss of parental role model, economic hardship, exposure to conflict
How long after divorce do children begin to adjust
2 years
Consists of a biological parent, stepparent, and children
Blended family
Who benefits from stepfathers?
Boys benefit, girls do not adjust as easily
The developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood
Adolescence
Puberty
When sexual organs mature, when pituitary gland signals other glands to begin producing sex hormones
Primary sex characteristics
Organs directly involved in reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to reproductive organs
Marked by a refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight
Anorexia nervosa
Alternate between binge eating and purging
Bulimia nervosa
Area of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements
Prefrontal cortex
4th stage of Piaget’s theory
Formal operational stage
Formal operational stage
Can think hypothetically and reason deductively
Self-absorption
Adolescent egocentrism
Belief that others are constantly watching
Imaginary audience
Grades awarded to high-school students have shifted upwards but they are not necessarily smarter
Grade inflation
Reasons for using drugs in adolescence
Effects from using them, escape from everyday life, thrill-seeking, enhance academic performance
Most serious and deadly STI
AIDS
Most common STI
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Attitudes, personality traits, situation specific personality traits/behaviors
Self-concept in adolescence
Does self-esteem rise or fall from mild childhood to adolescence?
Rise
Not commuted to an identity and not searching
Diffusion
Not committed to an identity but exploring options
Moratorium
Committed to an identity without searching first
Foreclosure
Have chosen an identity after a period of searching
Achievement
Most adolescents are in a state of what two identities?
Diffusion and foreclosure
Biological component to depression
Reduced levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
One of the leading causes of death for adolescents
Suicide
Which gender is more likely to die by suicide
Males
Divide between parents and children in attitudes and values
Generation gap
Is the generation gap large in adolescents and parents?
No, narrow
Group of 4 to 6 kids who are friends, have similar interests and spend a lot of time together
Cliques
Large mixed-sex groups; often known by names
Crowds
When is peer pressure most powerful
When the standards for appropriate behavior is not clear
Begins in childhood, includes high levels of aggression, disobedience, and threatening behavior
Childhood-onset delinquency
Begins in adolescence, problems are typically milder
Adolescent-onset delinquency
Purpose of romantic relationships in younger adolescents
Companionship
Purpose of romantic relationships for older adolescents
Trust and support
Prenatal exposure to hormones
Exposed to higher testosterone, more likely to be homosexual
Has # of teen pregnancies declined or increased in the US?
Declined
