Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
Development involving the body’s physical makeup
Physical
Changes in intellectual capabilities
Cognitive development
How interactions with others and social relationships grow, change, and remain stable
Socioemotional development
A period where an experience MUST occur in order for a behavior to develop normally
Critical
A period where organisms are susceptible to certain stimuli in their environments, BUT an absence of those stimuli does not produce irreversible consequences
Sensitive
Theory that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control
Psychodynamic perspective
Who is associated with the psychodynamic perspective?
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson
What are the three components of personality (as mentioned in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory)?
Id - immediate gratification
Ego - rational component
Superego - makes sure that one behaves in a morally acceptable way
Who believed conflict was more psychosocial in nature?
Erikson
Immediate everyday environment
Microsystem
Connects the microsystems
Mesosystem
Not experienced firsthand but still influences development
Exosystem
Larger cultural influence
Macrosystem
Systems change over time
Chronosystem
Same person is observed repeatedly
Longitudinal
Different people measured at a single time (different people at different ages)
Cross-sectional
Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally
Sequential
Structures that contain genetic material and can be subdivided into segments called genes
Chromosomes
Basic unit for the transmission of heredity
Genes
Exact genetic makeup
Genotype
Observable traits
Phenotype
When ovum and sperm fuse to form…
Zygote (46 total chromosomes)
Specific form of a gene
Allele
Two alike alleles
Homozygous
Two different alleles
Heterozygous
3 potential outcomes of gene expression
Only 1 allele expressed, intermediate characteristics expressed, or each allele fully expressed
Inheritance in which many different genes influence the characteristic in question
Polygenic
Disease with the following symptoms - inherited recessive genes, reduced ability to metabolize phenylalanine, can lead to permanent intellectual disability, can be avoided through diet/modified formula
PKU
Inherited dominant genes, neurological disorder characterized by slow, progressive deterioration of motor control, cognition, and emotion
Huntingtons
Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 - impairment in mental functioning and abnormalities in several internal organs
Down syndrome
Related to mother’s age
Down syndrome
A result of an extra X chromosome - small testes, insufficient production of testosterone, infertility
Kleinfelter’s syndrome
Identical twins
Monozygotic
Fraternal twins
Dizygotic twins
Sample of fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid, screens for genetic disorders
Amniocentesis
Sample of tissue obtained from the placenta
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Consequences of genetic instruction depends on the environment
Reaction range
First period of prenatal development
Germinal (shortest)
What occurs during the germinal period?
Zygote travels down fallopian tubes, cell division, implantation
Second period of prenatal development
Embryonic
What occurs during embryonic stage?
Cells differentiate into organs, basic organs take rudimentary shape
Third period of prenatal development
Fetal (longest)
What occurs during the fetal stage?
Organ systems, age of viability, responds to sound, movement becomes varied and coordinated
Cushions the fetus in the womb
Amniotic fluid
Serves to sustain the converted nutrients from mother into food for the embryo
Placenta, umbilical cord
Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
Teratogen
Effect of nicotine on prenatal development
Related to an increase in the rate of miscarriage and stillbirth
Stage 1 labor
When muscles of the uterus contract, ends when cervix is 10 cm
Stage 2 labor
Baby pushed through the birth canal, crowning
Stage 3 labor
Placenta and other membranes expelles
Used to diagnose the physical state of newborn infants
Apgar scale
How often is Apgar scale conducted
1 and 5 minutes after birth
What score on Apgar indicates emergency
3 or below
When a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth
Rooting
Sucks an object placed in the mouth
Sucking
Withdraws foot after prick of the sole
Withdrawal
Holds firmly to an object touching the palm of the hand
Palmer grasp
Makes rhythmic stepping movements if held upright
Stepping
Newborn 4 states of arousal
Alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping
How many hours per day do newborns sleep?
16-18
Growth begins in the region of the head
Cephalocaudal trend
Growth progresses from the center of the body to the extremities
Proximodistal trend
A process in which rarely used connections are removed
Synaptic pruning
The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience
Plasticity
2 stimuli are presented to determine preference
Preferential looking
Infants prefer novel stimuli
Habituation studies
Refers to the quietest sound one can hear
Auditory threshold
How well one can see
Visual acuity
Are infants initially very nearsighted or farsighted?
Nearsighted
Perceiving an object or event by more than one sensory system
Intermodal perception
4 stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
New information incorporated into existing knowledge
Assimilation
Schemes are modified to include new information
Accommodation
Reorganization of schemes to restore balance
Equilibrium
Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
Object permanence
Occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place rather than the new hiding place
A-not-B
Unconscious recollection
Implicit memory
Conscious memory of facts and experiences
Explicit memory
Designed for 2 to 42 month olds and assesses infant’s mental and motor abilities
Bayley scales
Naming errors
Underextension, overextension
Includes only words directly relevant to meaning
Telegraphic speech
Proposes that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning (eg. parents get excited when child says dada or mama)
Learning theory approach
Theory that it is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
Nativist approach
Suggests that language development is a combination of genetic and environmental circumstances
Interactionist approach
Basic set of emotions
Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust
3 elements of basic emotions
Physiological chance, subjective feeling, overt behavior
Emotions in newborns
Distress and pleasure
Emotions at 2-3 months
Joy, social smiling, sadness
4-6 months emotions
Anger
6 months emotions
Fear
Develops out of mother’s satisfying child’s oral needs
Psychoanalytic view of attachment
Feeding is not crucial but a need for contact comfort is
Caregiver as a source of contact comforting
Forming attachments makes you more likely to survive
Evolutionary view
