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Life Span Development > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Development involving the body’s physical makeup

A

Physical

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2
Q

Changes in intellectual capabilities

A

Cognitive development

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3
Q

How interactions with others and social relationships grow, change, and remain stable

A

Socioemotional development

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4
Q

A period where an experience MUST occur in order for a behavior to develop normally

A

Critical

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5
Q

A period where organisms are susceptible to certain stimuli in their environments, BUT an absence of those stimuli does not produce irreversible consequences

A

Sensitive

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6
Q

Theory that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

A

Psychodynamic perspective

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7
Q

Who is associated with the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson

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8
Q

What are the three components of personality (as mentioned in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory)?

A

Id - immediate gratification
Ego - rational component
Superego - makes sure that one behaves in a morally acceptable way

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9
Q

Who believed conflict was more psychosocial in nature?

A

Erikson

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10
Q

Immediate everyday environment

A

Microsystem

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11
Q

Connects the microsystems

A

Mesosystem

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12
Q

Not experienced firsthand but still influences development

A

Exosystem

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13
Q

Larger cultural influence

A

Macrosystem

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14
Q

Systems change over time

A

Chronosystem

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15
Q

Same person is observed repeatedly

A

Longitudinal

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16
Q

Different people measured at a single time (different people at different ages)

A

Cross-sectional

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17
Q

Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally

A

Sequential

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18
Q

Structures that contain genetic material and can be subdivided into segments called genes

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Basic unit for the transmission of heredity

A

Genes

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20
Q

Exact genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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21
Q

Observable traits

A

Phenotype

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22
Q

When ovum and sperm fuse to form…

A

Zygote (46 total chromosomes)

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23
Q

Specific form of a gene

A

Allele

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24
Q

Two alike alleles

A

Homozygous

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25
Q

Two different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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26
Q

3 potential outcomes of gene expression

A

Only 1 allele expressed, intermediate characteristics expressed, or each allele fully expressed

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27
Q

Inheritance in which many different genes influence the characteristic in question

A

Polygenic

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28
Q

Disease with the following symptoms - inherited recessive genes, reduced ability to metabolize phenylalanine, can lead to permanent intellectual disability, can be avoided through diet/modified formula

A

PKU

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29
Q

Inherited dominant genes, neurological disorder characterized by slow, progressive deterioration of motor control, cognition, and emotion

A

Huntingtons

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30
Q

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 - impairment in mental functioning and abnormalities in several internal organs

A

Down syndrome

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31
Q

Related to mother’s age

A

Down syndrome

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32
Q

A result of an extra X chromosome - small testes, insufficient production of testosterone, infertility

A

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

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33
Q

Identical twins

A

Monozygotic

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34
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Dizygotic twins

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35
Q

Sample of fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid, screens for genetic disorders

A

Amniocentesis

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36
Q

Sample of tissue obtained from the placenta

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

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37
Q

Consequences of genetic instruction depends on the environment

A

Reaction range

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38
Q

First period of prenatal development

A

Germinal (shortest)

39
Q

What occurs during the germinal period?

A

Zygote travels down fallopian tubes, cell division, implantation

40
Q

Second period of prenatal development

A

Embryonic

41
Q

What occurs during embryonic stage?

A

Cells differentiate into organs, basic organs take rudimentary shape

42
Q

Third period of prenatal development

A

Fetal (longest)

43
Q

What occurs during the fetal stage?

A

Organ systems, age of viability, responds to sound, movement becomes varied and coordinated

44
Q

Cushions the fetus in the womb

A

Amniotic fluid

45
Q

Serves to sustain the converted nutrients from mother into food for the embryo

A

Placenta, umbilical cord

46
Q

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

A

Teratogen

47
Q

Effect of nicotine on prenatal development

A

Related to an increase in the rate of miscarriage and stillbirth

48
Q

Stage 1 labor

A

When muscles of the uterus contract, ends when cervix is 10 cm

49
Q

Stage 2 labor

A

Baby pushed through the birth canal, crowning

50
Q

Stage 3 labor

A

Placenta and other membranes expelles

51
Q

Used to diagnose the physical state of newborn infants

A

Apgar scale

52
Q

How often is Apgar scale conducted

A

1 and 5 minutes after birth

53
Q

What score on Apgar indicates emergency

A

3 or below

54
Q

When a baby’s cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth

A

Rooting

55
Q

Sucks an object placed in the mouth

A

Sucking

56
Q

Withdraws foot after prick of the sole

A

Withdrawal

57
Q

Holds firmly to an object touching the palm of the hand

A

Palmer grasp

58
Q

Makes rhythmic stepping movements if held upright

A

Stepping

59
Q

Newborn 4 states of arousal

A

Alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping

60
Q

How many hours per day do newborns sleep?

A

16-18

61
Q

Growth begins in the region of the head

A

Cephalocaudal trend

62
Q

Growth progresses from the center of the body to the extremities

A

Proximodistal trend

63
Q

A process in which rarely used connections are removed

A

Synaptic pruning

64
Q

The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

A

Plasticity

65
Q

2 stimuli are presented to determine preference

A

Preferential looking

66
Q

Infants prefer novel stimuli

A

Habituation studies

67
Q

Refers to the quietest sound one can hear

A

Auditory threshold

68
Q

How well one can see

A

Visual acuity

69
Q

Are infants initially very nearsighted or farsighted?

A

Nearsighted

70
Q

Perceiving an object or event by more than one sensory system

A

Intermodal perception

71
Q

4 stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

72
Q

New information incorporated into existing knowledge

A

Assimilation

73
Q

Schemes are modified to include new information

A

Accommodation

74
Q

Reorganization of schemes to restore balance

A

Equilibrium

75
Q

Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

A

Object permanence

76
Q

Occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place rather than the new hiding place

A

A-not-B

77
Q

Unconscious recollection

A

Implicit memory

78
Q

Conscious memory of facts and experiences

A

Explicit memory

79
Q

Designed for 2 to 42 month olds and assesses infant’s mental and motor abilities

A

Bayley scales

80
Q

Naming errors

A

Underextension, overextension

81
Q

Includes only words directly relevant to meaning

A

Telegraphic speech

82
Q

Proposes that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning (eg. parents get excited when child says dada or mama)

A

Learning theory approach

83
Q

Theory that it is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

A

Nativist approach

84
Q

Suggests that language development is a combination of genetic and environmental circumstances

A

Interactionist approach

85
Q

Basic set of emotions

A

Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust

86
Q

3 elements of basic emotions

A

Physiological chance, subjective feeling, overt behavior

87
Q

Emotions in newborns

A

Distress and pleasure

88
Q

Emotions at 2-3 months

A

Joy, social smiling, sadness

89
Q

4-6 months emotions

A

Anger

90
Q

6 months emotions

A

Fear

91
Q

Develops out of mother’s satisfying child’s oral needs

A

Psychoanalytic view of attachment

92
Q

Feeding is not crucial but a need for contact comfort is

A

Caregiver as a source of contact comforting

93
Q

Forming attachments makes you more likely to survive

A

Evolutionary view

94
Q
A

Life Span Development (3 decks)

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