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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 2- Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2- Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define evolution

A

Evolution is the change over time in the proportion by differing in one or more inherited traits

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2
Q

Where does variation come from

A

Variation comes from a result of a mutation

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3
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Genetic drift occurs when trance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in an allele frequency from one generation to the next

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4
Q

What can cause genetic drift

A

Disease
Abiotic factors
Isolation
Natural disasters

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5
Q

It’s genetic drift random or a nonrandom process

A

Random

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6
Q

What is the founder affect

A

Do you found affect occurs when a few members of a population or isolated from a larger population

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7
Q

What is a population bottleneck

A

When a population is reduced for at least one generation

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8
Q

Does genetic drift have a great effect on smaller or larger populations

A

Smaller

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9
Q

Explain the key stages in the process of natural selection

A
  1. too many offspring for the environment to sustain them all
  2.  individuals struggle for survival until reproductive age
  3. Better adapted individuals survive reproduce and pass on favourable alleles to offspring
  4. Less adapted die and do not pass on alleles
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10
Q

Define sexual selection

A

Sexual selection is a nonrandom process in the increase of the frequency of alleles that make mating more likely

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11
Q

What is the difference between intersexual an intra sexual selection

A

Intersexual selection is between individuals of different sexes

Intersexual selection is within the same sex

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12
Q

What is the difference between natural and sexual selection

A

Sexual selection only selects for alleles to give increased reproductive chances these may have a negative impact on survival

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13
Q

List of the assumptions of the hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A 
No selection
No mutation
No migration
Large population
Random mating
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14
Q

Define fitness

A

But this is an indication of an individual’s ability to survive

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15
Q

Explain the difference between absolute and relative fitness

A

Relative fitness is the ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

Absolute fitness is the ratio of frequencies in a particular gene of types before and after selection

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16
Q

What is the value for absolute fitness that would represent a stable genotype

A

One

17
Q

What is the value for absolute fitness that would represent a decreasing genotype

A

Less than one

18
Q

What is the value for absolute fitness that would represent an increasing genotype

A

Greater than one

19
Q

What is a selection pressure

A

A selection pressure is an instrumental factor that influences which individuals pass on their alleles

20
Q

List for biotics selection pressures

A

Disease
Predation
Paratism
Competition 

21
Q

List for abiotic selection pressures

A 
PH
Light
Salinity
Humidity
Temperature
22
Q

Define co-evolution

A

Co evolution is the frequency seen in pairs of species that have Symbiotic interactions

23
Q

List the stages of the process of co evolution

A
  1. Individuals of the species A may have a trait that is an advantage and there is interactions with species B
  2. Proportion of individuals in species A with beneficial to rate increases
  3. Some individuals of the species B have a trait that now give them an advantage
  4. Proportion of individuals in species B which have the beneficial trait increases
24
Q

What does the red Queen hypothesis state

A

That in a co evolutionary relationship change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on other species

25
Q

What is symbiosis

A

A co-evolved intimate relationship between members of two different species

26
Q

Describe three Sim biotic relationship is and there affect on each other

A

Mutualism is when both organisms benefit
Commensalism is when one benefits and one remains neutral
Paratism is when one organism benefits while the other is harmed

Advanced Higher Biology (4 decks)

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