Unit 1- Proteins Flashcards
Define allosteric enzymes
Enzymes that can change confirmation in response to a modulator
Define a alpha helix
Is a polypeptide chain coiled into a helix with hydrogen bonding occurring to maintain the arrangement
Define alternative RNA splicing
The removal of non-coding entrance from a primary mRNA transcript to leave only coding exons several mature transcripts can be produced from a single primary transcript
Define beta pleated sheet
A polypeptide chain arranged in rows with a chain folding parallel or antiparallel
Define confirmation
Structural arrangement of polypeptide chains within a protein it can be altered by factors such as pH on the binding of ligands and modulators
Define cooperativity
Changes in finding of a target molecule to one subunit of a multi unit polypeptide changes the affinity of the other subunits for the target molecule
Define disulphide Bridge
A strong covalent bond that stabilises the tertairy and quaternary structures of many proteins
Define and endoplasmic reticulum
A network of membrane tubules within a cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell continuous with a nuclear membrane
Define an exon
A section of RNA that is usually retain the during splicing
Define a glycoproteins
A protein with a carbohydrate added by post-translational modification
Define a golgi apparatus
A series of flat and desks that package proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination
Define hydrogen bonds
Attraction is between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger items such as oxygen or nitrogen
Define hydrolylases
A class of enzymes that use water to break chemical bonds
Define an intron
A section of RNA usually removed during splicing
Define an ionic bond
A type of chemical bond that involves an electrostatic attraction between opposite charged ions
Define a ligand
A substance that combined to a protein the protein has a shape complimentary to the leg and allowing it to bind
Define London dispersion forces
A temporary week attraction between atoms in molecules
Define a lysosome
A modified golgi vesicles containing hydrolitic enzymes
Define modulators
The spine to the secondary say on the enzyme to alter its confirmation positive modulators activate enzymes negative modulators deactivate them
Define a monomer
A molecule that combined chemically to other monomers to form a polymer
Define non-coding RNA gene
A gene codes for RNA other than mRNA so do not encode protein
Define a phospholipid
Component of cell membranes
Define a polymer
Micro molecule composed of many repeat subunits
Define post-translational modification
Addition of different chemical groups to or modification of a protein to allow a particular gene function
Define a prosthetic group
A non-protein unit tightly bound to a protein are necessary for its function
Define protein kinesis
Catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule usually ATP to an exceptor
Define protein phosphatases
An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate
Define protein structure
different levels of arrangement of polypeptides within a protein
Define primary structure
Sequence in which amino acids are found within a protein
Define secondary structure
Hydrogen bonding occurring within a polypeptide forming alpha helix’s or beta pleated sheets
Define tertiary structure
Bonding of many types occurring between R groups of amino acids within a protein
Define Quaternary structure
The arrangement of multiple folded polypeptides connected together
Define proteolytic cleavage
A major form of post-translational modification it occurs when proteins Cleves one or more bonds in a target protein to activate inhibit or destroy the proteins activity
Define a proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by Gino it is much larger than the Ginome
Define R group
Side groups that allow different bonding between amino acids and give them their wide range of functions
Define basic R group
Contains and I’m in functional group and produces a basic solution because the extra admin group is not neutralised by the acidic group
Define acid R group
Contains an acidic function Algroup and produces an acidic solution because the extra acidic group is not neutralised by that I mean group
Define polar R group
Group that prefers to exist in a watery environment
Define hydrophobic R group
Composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen is and tend to be repelled from water
Define a rough endoplasmic reticulum
And organelle made up of membranes with ribosomes attached
Define a signal sequence
A short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines its eventual location in the cell
What are the roles of kinases and phosphotases
Kinases transmit signals to regulate processes they add a negative charge to the protein which can disrupt the ionic interactions
Phosphatases remove phosphate groups and remove the charge from the protein
What is the proteome
Protein is the entire set of proteins that can be expressed to form a gene
Why is the protium larger than the Genome 
The pro tube is larger due to its alternative RNA splicing
Name the four amino acid R group categories
 Basic
 acidic
 polar
Hydrophobic
Describe primary protein structure
Primary structure is the sequence in which amino acid are synthesise into a polypeptide
Joined by peptide bonds
Describe a secondary protein structure
Hydrogen bonding on the backbone of the protein Strand results in big games of the secondary structure
Alpha helix a spiral within R group sticking out
Beta pleated sheet and antiparallel also can be parallel
Turns which is polypeptides turn back on themselves
Joined by hydrogen bonds
Describe the tertiary protein structure
There are regions of secondary structure is stabilised by interactions between different R groups which eachother after folding 
Altogether by hydrophobic hydrophilic London dispersion forces hydrogen bonds ionic bonds and Disulphide bridges
Describe quanternary structure
Polypeptide has folded into a taxi structure it will join more polypeptides
Held together by hydrogen bonds are in London dispersion forces
Describe the conditions which would lower affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
Changes in binding of oxygen at one subject when it’s released from a subunit
Temperature and pH
 describe the translation of cytosolic proteins and secrete proteins
Synthesis of all protein starts on the cytosolic ribosome the synthesis of the cytosolic proteins is incomplete and the cytosolic ribosomes proteins are released into the size of a move to the rear polypeptide into cinnamon of the rear and post transitional modification begins and go Jefferis protein is packaged into musicals physicals merge proteins
Location and forms of post transitional notification
Can occur on amino acid sidechains or at the proteins C or N-terminal Phosphorylation Glycolisation in the golgi body Cleveage 
