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V.2 > Unit 2: Communicable Disease > Flashcards

Unit 2: Communicable Disease Flashcards

1
Q

An acute, febrile respiratory infection that may exhibit systemic manifestations

A

influenza

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2
Q

The influenza virus has which two identifying surface antigens (protein substances on the virus)

A

Hemagglutinins (H)
Neuraminidase (N)

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3
Q

What are minor changes to an influenza virus commonly called?

A

Antigenic DRIFT

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4
Q

What are major changes to an influenza virus commonly called?

A

Antigenic SHIFT

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5
Q

Which of the two changes to influenza often results in
epidemics?

A

Antigenic SHIFT

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6
Q

What is the average influenza incubation period?

A

1-3 days

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7
Q

Which project did the Air Force institute in response to influenza?

A

Project Gargle

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the Influenza Surveillance Program?

A

Identify new strains of influenza virus

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9
Q

A communicable disease affecting the lungs and in some cases, other parts of the body

A

tuberculosis

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10
Q

What is the causative pulmonary tuberculosis organism?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. TB)

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11
Q

How is tuberculosis spread or transmitted?

A

inhalation of droplet nuclei containing live M. TB

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12
Q

The probability that TB will be transmitted depends on what three
factors?

A
  1. The infectiousness of the person with TB.
  2. The environment in which exposure occurred.
  3. The duration of exposure.
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13
Q

What is the incubation period for TB?

A

About 4-12 weeks

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14
Q

Name the three stages of tuberculosis.

A

Infection
Dormant
Active

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15
Q

What occurs during the dormant phase of tuberculosis?

A

bacilli encapsulate and remain in the alveoli of the lung until conditions favor further growth and progression to the active stage

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16
Q

What conditions favor further growth during the dormant stage?

A

Diabetes
Alcoholism
Silicosis
Immunosuppression due to cancer therapy
AIDS

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of active tuberculosis?

A

Fatigue
Weight loss
Fever, chills, night sweats
Loss of appetite
Persistent cough

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18
Q

What test is used to screen Air Force personnel for tuberculosis?

A

tuberculin skin test (TST)

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19
Q

Which test is used
(1) to identify infected persons at high risk of developing TB disease who would benefit from preventive therapy
(2) to identify persons with TB disease who need treatment

A

TSTs

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20
Q

The Air Force uses which test test to confirm tuberculosis infection. It is the most effective and accurate test procedure available, and it is the standard.

A

Mantoux test

21
Q

When do positive reactions to the Mantoux test occur?

A

within 48 to 72 hours after injection

22
Q

What does the acronym BCG stand for and what is it?

A

Bacille Calmette-Guerin
The first live vaccine against tuberculosis

23
Q

What is the purpose of a BCG vaccination?

A

Prevent the recipient from experiencing a natural, primary
infection by artificially inducing a harmless primary infection

24
Q

What is the effect of a BCG vaccination on TSTs?

A

Positive TST after the vaccination

25
Q

What medication is used to prevent active tuberculosis?

A

isoniazid (INH)

26
Q

What is the most serious side effect of INH?

A

drug-induced hepatitis

27
Q

What are two of Public Health’s primary responsibilities for managing the Tuberculosis Detection and Control Program?

A

(1) monitor the administration of the program
(2) educate personnel about the disease

28
Q

What are the three different stages of syphilis?

A

Primary
Secondary
Late

29
Q

Which stage of syphilis is characterized by lesions, known as chancres, which also characterizes the acute form?

A

Primary stage

30
Q

Which stage of syphilis has characteristic skin rashes and mucous
membrane eruptions, as well as long periods of latency, without symptoms?

A

Secondary stage

31
Q

Which stage of syphilis may be present as a chronic disease involving the central nervous system and the cardiovascular
system?

A

Late stage

32
Q

Is it possible for a woman to pass syphilis to her unborn baby?

A

Yes

33
Q

What is the causative agent for syphilis?

A

Spirochete, Treponema pallidum

34
Q

How is syphilis transmitted?

A

Close sexual contact with a person who has an infectious lesion or
chancre

35
Q

What is the average incubation time for syphilis?

A

10 to 90 days, with an average of 21 days

36
Q

Syphilis is not detectable by laboratory testing until what stage?

A

Primary stage

37
Q

What are the three methods of identifying syphilis?

A

dark field microscopy
serological testing
cerebrospinal fluid examination

38
Q

What is the most effective method used to identify syphilis in the primary stage?

A

Dark field microscopy

39
Q

Which antibody results from the interaction of the
organism with the body tissue?

A

Reagin

40
Q

Which antibody does nontreponemal test measure?

A

Reagin

41
Q

Which antibody does treponemal tests measure?

A

Antibodies to the organism itself

42
Q

What is one of the most effective nontreponemal serological tests?

A

Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL)

43
Q

Which serological tests is more specific, more useful in confirming a diagnosis of syphilis, and in identifying individuals with false positive nontreponemal tests?

A

Treponemal tests

44
Q

What does FTA-ABS stand for and how is it used?

A

fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption
used to confirm infection with T. palladium

45
Q

If syphilis is suspected of attacking the central nervous system (CNS), a cerebrospinal fluid examination includes what three parts?

A

a VDRL
a cell count
a totalprotein

46
Q

What are PH responbilities when it comes to syphilis?

A

conduct patient and contact interviews
conduct follow up
educate patients and contacts

47
Q

A lesion that forms at the site where the spirochete entered the body

A

First clinical sign of syphilis

48
Q

What occurs during the early latent stage of syphilis?

A
49
Q
A

V.2 (4 decks)

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