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V.2 > Unit 1 Principles of Epidemiology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Principles of Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

A primary, or definitive, host is one in which a disease organism

A

attains its maturity and goes through its sexual or reproductive stage

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2
Q

A secondary, or intermediate, host is one in which a disease organism

A

enters the larval stage

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3
Q

A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, which are harboring a disease agent

A

host

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4
Q

The person or animal that harbors a disease agent, but has no clinical signs of the disease is

A

carrier

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5
Q

Are organisms that live on or in the body of a host and can produce disease or illness

A

Agent

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6
Q

In a host-agent relationship, the ability of an agent to produce clinical disease in a host is its

A

pathogenicity

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7
Q

In a host-agent relationship, the ability of an agent to invade and multiply, or to produce infection, in a host is its

A

infectivity

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8
Q

The proportion of clinical cases resulting in severe clinical manifestations

A

virulence

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9
Q

In a host-agent relationship, all of the following are types of agents except
a. fungi.
b. metazoa.
c. virulence.
d. rickettsia.

A

c. virulence

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10
Q

Are multicellular organisms, often referred to as parasites

A

Metazoa

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11
Q

Are single-celled, animal-like organisms. Most are free-living and found in soil and water

A

Protozoa

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12
Q

Are microscopic, single-celled organisms

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What different shapes can bacteria appear in

A

bacillus (rod)
coccus (sphere)
spirillum (spiral)

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14
Q

Are small bacteria. Most are obligate, intracellular parasites; that is, they must live within living cells

A

Rickettsia

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15
Q

Are particles of nucleic acid
surrounded by a protein sheath; they are highly infectious

A

Viruses

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16
Q

How can agents enter the body?

A

Ingestion
Inhalation
Penetration

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17
Q

Diseases such as rabies are spread using this type of direct transmission mode

A

Direct contact

18
Q

Identify the three-link chain

A

Source
Mode
Host

19
Q

This is not a general health status factor for determining disease occurrence
a. Preexisting disease.
b. Physiological state.
c. Behavioral factors.
d. Nutritional status.

A

c. Behavioral factors

20
Q

In countries where pork is eaten, individuals may be at risk of trichinosis infection when the
pork is undercooked. Which intrinsic disease occurrence factor is this an example of?

A

Diet

21
Q

Using what is called night soil as a fertilizer allows the transmission of such diseases as typhoid, dysentery, amebiasis, and hepatitis. Preventing the transmission of these diseases
involves

A

proper human waste disposal

22
Q

Is one of the most important factors in the control of communicable disease

A

personal hygiene

23
Q

This environmental factor has the greatest effect on hay fever sufferers

A

Climate

24
Q

Which environmental factor is a medicinal source, such as Quinine that comes from tree bark and is used to treat malaria?

A

Biological

25
Q

Which factor contributes to the emergence of new infectious disease or the reemergence of old diseases?

A

Societal disruptions

26
Q

Which term is used to define numeric facts or data that have been assembled, classified, and
tabulated to present significant information about a given subject?

A

Statistics

27
Q

Which statistical term is most commonly used as a measurement of central tendency?

A

Mean

28
Q

Which statistical term is characterized by the number occurring most often in a group or set of numbers

A

Mode

29
Q

Using statistics, the mode for numbers 6, 18, 26, 14, 12, 19, 20, and 26 is

A

26

30
Q

Which statistical term is characterized by arranging the data from the smallest number to the largest number

A

Median

31
Q

Using statistics, the median of the numbers 3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 12 is

A

7

32
Q

Public health uses rates as one of its most important statistical tools. What does the noneffectiveness rate tell you about individuals’ illnesses or injuries?

A

Temporary loss from duty

33
Q

This statistical rate is used to determine the probability of new disease cases affecting
healthy people during a given time

A

Incidence rate

34
Q

If 30 out of 90 people who ate at a base picnic became ill, the attack rate per 100 persons is

A

33.30

35
Q

A method that is used to study two similar groups by administering a vaccine, special diet, or some other factor to one group while withholding it from the other group is called

A

experimental

36
Q

This method is used to study different groups under natural conditions

A

Observational

37
Q

Which disease study method traces the source of a food poisoning outbreak or examines sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence and prevalence?

A

Uncontrolled observation.

38
Q

This is simply observing, questioning, and studying a population at one point in time in order to detect cases of a disease

A

Cross-sectional survey

39
Q

In this design, you study persons who already have the disease; you also study people who are free of the
disease

A

Retrospective

40
Q

This is a plan of study in which a group under observation is divided into two groups; one having a
factor believed to contribute to a disease and the other without the factor

A

Prospective

41
Q

In this step of an outbreak investigation, it is important for you to know what disease to look for and you must separate cases from noncases

A

Establish or verify the diagnosis

42
Q

In this step of an outbreak investigation, compare the current incidence and the usual, or expected,
incidence

A

Establish existence of an outbreak

V.2 (4 decks)

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