Unit 2 Chapter 4

Question 1

ionic bonds

Answer 1

electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations (+) and anions (–).

Question 2

Octet rule

Answer 2

main-group elements tend
to undergo reactions that leave them with eight outer-shell electrons

Question 3

Oppositely charged ions ______ and form _____ _____.

Answer 3

attract, ionic bonds

Question 4

formula unit

Answer 4

simplest ratio of ions in lattice

Question 5

Lattice energy

Answer 5

the potential energy of the attraction between positive and negative ions (strength of ionic bond)

Question 6

Lattice energy increases as _____ (_) increases

Answer 6

charge (z)

Question 7

Lattice energy decreases as ______ (_) increases

Answer 7

distance (d)

Question 8

Referring to lattice energy, ____ the magnitude = ______ the ionic bond

Answer 8

larger, stronger

Question 9

Energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions

Answer 9

lattice energy

Question 10

When comparing both charge magnitude and distance, _____ _____ affects lattice energy much more than distance.

Answer 10

charge magnitude

Question 11

Covalent bond

Answer 11

bond that results from the the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons

Question 12

In a covalent bond atoms in a molecule share electrons so that each atom satisfies the _____ ____.

Answer 12

octet rule

Question 13

Each covalent bond gives
that atom access to
another _____ ______.

Answer 13

shared electron

Question 14

Every bond has an
optimal _____ _____.

Answer 14

bond length

Question 15

Electronegativity (EN)

Answer 15

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons (shared electron distribution)

Question 16

electronegativity increases from _____ to _____.

Answer 16

left to right

Question 17

electronegativity increases up a _____

Answer 17

group (column)

Question 18

Pure covalent bond (nonpolar)

Answer 18

equal sharing of e–

Question 19

Polar covalent bond

Answer 19

unequal sharing of e–

Question 20

Ionic bond

Answer 20

non-covalent bond with no sharing of e–

Question 21

What kind of bond has a large difference in EN >2.0?

Answer 21

Ionic bond

Question 22

What kind of bond has a Moderate difference in EN (0.5-2.0)?

Answer 22

Polar covalent bond

Question 23

What kind of bond has a negligible difference in EN (<0.5)

Answer 23

Pure covalent bond (nonpolar)

Question 24

The magnitude of ∆EN _______ the amount of charge separation for the bonds that share electrons unevenly.

Answer 24

predicts

Question 25

Lewis structures

Answer 25

D diagrams that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions

Question 26

In a lewis structure , lines show how atoms _____ ve– in bonds

Answer 26

share

Question 27

In a lewis structure dots show _______ ve–

Answer 27

unshared

Question 28

Radicals

Answer 28

molecules with an odd number of valence electrons, and therefore an unpaired electron

Question 29

Hypovalent molecules

Answer 29

central atom with fewer electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration (< 8 e–).

Question 30

Hypervalent molecules

Answer 30

central atom has more electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration (> 8 e–).

Question 31

What element holds the free radical?

Answer 31

The least electronegative element

Question 32

Hydrogen forms a ____, not an octet

Answer 32

duet

Question 33

Beryllium forms molecules with __ valence electrons.

Answer 33

4

Question 34

Boron atoms, in molecules, generally have __ valence electrons.

Answer 34

6

Question 35

What elements have access to more than 4 orbitals and have the ability to share/hold more than 8 valence electrons?

Answer 35

Elements in 3rd or higher periods (rows)

Question 36

Formal charge (FC)

Answer 36

calculated hypothetical charge for each atom in a molecule