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Chemistry 1 > Chapter 1 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry is the study of

A

the composition, properties, and interactions of matter.

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2
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

1) Observation and curiosity
2) Form hypothesis; make prediction
3) Perform experiment; make more observations
4) Contributes to body of knowledge.
5) Observation becomes law OR hypothesis becomes theory

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3
Q

The macroscopic domain of chemistry

A

Is familiar to us. It’s the realm of everyday things that are large enough to be sensed directly by human sight or touch.

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4
Q

The microscopic domain of chemistry

A

is often visited in the imagination. Some aspects of the microscopic domain are visible through standard optical microscopes.

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5
Q

The symbolic domain of chemistry

A

Contains the specialized language used to represent components of both the macroscopic and microscopic domains.

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6
Q

Matter is defined as:

A

anything that occupies space and has mass, and it’s all around us.

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7
Q

A solid is

A

rigid and possesses a definite shape.

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8
Q

A liquid

A

flows and takes the shape of its container, except that it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity.

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9
Q

What shape does liquid take in zero gravity?

A

A spherical shape

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10
Q

Gas

A

takes both the shape and volume of its container

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11
Q

A plasma is

A

a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles

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12
Q

Where can plasma be found?

A

in stars, lightning strikes, TV screens, etc.

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13
Q

The mass of an object is

A

a measure of the amount of matter in it

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14
Q

Weight refers to

A

the force that gravity exerts on an object

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15
Q

The ___ of an object changes as the force of gravity changes, but its ____ does not.

A

weight, mass

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16
Q

What does the Law of Conservation of Matter state?

A

It states that there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states.

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17
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A pure substance has a constant composition.

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18
Q

A pure substance has a _____ _____.

A

constant composition

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19
Q

What do all specimens of a pure substance have?

A

All specimens of a pure substance have exactly the same makeup and properties.

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20
Q

What are the two classes of pure substances?

A

Elements and compounds.

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21
Q

What are elements?

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes.

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22
Q

What are compounds?

A

Pure substances that are comprised of two or more elements.

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23
Q

Why and how are compounds broken down?

A

Compounds may be broken down by chemical changes to yield either elements or other compounds, or both.

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24
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amount and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation.

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25
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture?

A

A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point.

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26
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture (also called a solution)?

A

A homogenous mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout.

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27
Q

What type of mixture is a chocolate chip cookie?

A

A heterogeneous mixture

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28
Q

What type of mixture is black coffee?

A

A homogenous mixture

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29
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination

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30
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds

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31
Q

How many atoms are in a molecule?

A

Two or more

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32
Q

What strong forces help join atoms to form a molecule?

A

chemical bonds

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33
Q

How do the atoms in a molecule move around?

A

The atoms in a molecule move around as a unit

34
Q

The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called ____.

A

Properties

35
Q

Properties

A

The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another.

36
Q

A physical property is

A

a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.

37
Q

What are some examples of physical properties?

A

Color, density, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity

38
Q

A physical change is

A

is the state of properties of matter without any accompanying change in the chemical identities of substances contained in the matter.

39
Q

What are some examples of a physical change?

A

Wax melting, when sugar dissolves in coffee, when steam condenses into liquid water

40
Q

A chemical property is

A

the ability to change from one type of matter into another

41
Q

What is an example of a chemical property?

A

The formation of rust

42
Q

What two categories do properties of matter fall into?

A

extensive property and intensive property

43
Q

If the property depends on the amount of matter present, it is an ____ _____.

A

extensive property

44
Q

What are some examples of extensive properties?

A

The mass and volume of a substance

45
Q

If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present, it is an ____ ____.

A

intensive property

46
Q

What is an example of an intensive property?

A

Temperature

47
Q

What three classes do intensive and extensive properties use to sort elements into?

A

metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

48
Q

metals

A

elements that conduct well

49
Q

nonmetals

A

elements that conduct poorly

50
Q

metalloids

A

elements that have intermediate conductivities

51
Q

What are the three kinds of information that every measurement provides?

A

The size of magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement.

52
Q

Units

A

standards of comparison for measurements

53
Q

What is the standard unit of length in both the SI and original metric systems?

A

meter (m)

54
Q

What is the standard unit of mass in the SI system?

A

kilogram (kg)

55
Q

How many pounds are equal to 1 kg?

A

2.2 lbs

56
Q

How many kilograms is 1g?

A

0.001 kg

57
Q

What is the SI unit of temperature?

A

Kelvin (K)

58
Q

What is the SI base unit of time?

A

second (s)

59
Q

What is volume?

A

The measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.

60
Q

What is the standard unit for volume?

A

a cubic meter (m^3)

61
Q

What is the more common name for the cubic decimeter?

A

A liter (l)

62
Q

A cubic centimeter (cm^3) is

A

the volume of a cube with an edge length of exactly one centimeter

63
Q

1 cm^3 is equivalent to

A

a milliliter (mL) and is 1/1000 of a liter

64
Q

What is density?

A

The density of a substance is the ratio of the mass of a sample of the substance to its volume.

65
Q

Density =

A

mass/volume

66
Q

Every measurement has some ____, which depends on the device used.

A

uncertainty

67
Q

What are significant figures?

A

All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit

68
Q

precise

A

Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner.

69
Q

accurate

A

A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value

70
Q

speed =

A

distance/time

71
Q

time =

A

distance/speed

72
Q

Dimensional analysis is based on this premise:

A

the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers.

73
Q

A ratio of two equivalent quantities expressed with different measurement units can be used as a _______.

A

unit conversion factor

74
Q

What refers to the hotness or coldness of a substance?

A

temperature

75
Q

Exact numbers include

A

definitions (one dozen, 100 cm = 1 m)
counted items (# of students in a classroom)
Integers within formulas (the 2 in d=2r)

76
Q

What is the only type of measurement free from uncertainty?

A

Counting

77
Q

What is the size or magnitude of a measurement called?

A

A number

78
Q

area =

A

length*width

79
Q

volume =

A

lengthwidthheight

80
Q

What information do measurements provide?

A

Measurements provide the information that is the basis of most of the hypotheses, theories, and laws in chemistry.

Chemistry 1 (3 decks)

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