Unit 2: Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

proprietorship

Answer 1

a type of colonial arrangement in which an individual or group was granted ownership and governing rights over a colony by the English monarch

Question 2

Quakers

Answer 2

a Christian religious group known for their emphasis on direct spiritual experience, equality, pacifism, and social justice

Question 3

Navigation Acts

Answer 3

Acts that put mercantilism into law, and made it so that English colonies could only trade with England. They were not often followed

Question 4

Dominion of New England

Answer 4

a colonial administrative union created by King James II in 1686, consolidating several New England colonies under a single royal governor to increase royal control and enforce the Navigation Acts

Question 5

Glorious Revolution

Answer 5

a bloodless political revolution in England that led to the overthrow of King James II and the establishment of constitutional monarchy under William and Mary

Question 6

constitutional monarchy

Answer 6

a form of government where a monarch serves as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution and shares power with a legislative body, typically a parliament

Question 7

Second Hundred Years’ War

Answer 7

A term used to describe the series of conflicts, including King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War, between European powers for control of North America in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Question 8

tribalization

Answer 8

the process by which Native American tribes adapted to the presence and influence of European settlers, often leading to cultural changes and conflicts

Question 9

Covenant Chain

Answer 9

a series of diplomatic and military alliances between the British colonies, particularly New York, and various Native American tribes, notably the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy), during the colonial period

Question 10

South Atlantic System

Answer 10

A colonial economic system that relied on the production of cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and rice, often utilizing enslaved labor, and linked to European markets through trade.

Question 11

Middle Passage

Answer 11

The middle leg of the transatlantic slave trade route, in which enslaved Africans were transported from Africa to the Americas under harsh conditions.

Question 12

Stono Rebellion

Answer 12

A slave rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina, one of the largest and most significant slave uprisings in colonial America.

Question 13

gentility

Answer 13

A social concept in colonial America emphasizing refinement, manners, and social status, often associated with the elite.

Question 14

salutary neglect

Answer 14

A policy of British colonial governance in the early 18th century that allowed the American colonies a degree of self-government and autonomy in exchange for economic benefit to Britain.

Question 15

patronage

Answer 15

A system in which political leaders rewarded supporters with government appointments and favors.

Question 16

land banks

Answer 16

Financial institutions in colonial America that issued paper money backed by real estate, often used to alleviate credit shortages and facilitate economic growth.

Question 17

manorial system

Answer 17

an economic and social structure in colonial New England where land was divided into large estates, or manors, with tenant farmers working the land

Question 18

William Penn

Answer 18

founded Pennsylvania as a haven for religious freedom and promoted peaceful relations with Native Americans, advocating for democratic principles in colonial governance.

Question 19

tenancy

Answer 19

individuals or families renting land from landowners and paying rent or providing a portion of their crop as payment

Question 20

competency

Answer 20

a colonial New England ideal where individuals aimed for economic self-sufficiency and the ability to provide for their families’ basic needs

Question 21

household mode of production

Answer 21

a colonial economic system where families produced most of what they needed for daily life within their households, such as food, clothing, and tools

Question 22

squatters

Answer 22

settlers who occupied and cultivated land without legal ownership or rights, often leading to land disputes and conflicts in the American colonies

Question 23

redemptioner

Answer 23

an indentured servant in colonial America who agreed to work for a set period in exchange for passage to America and the possibility of later purchasing their freedom

Question 24

Enlightenment

Answer 24

an intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, influencing American political thought and the Founding Fathers

Question 25

Pietism

Answer 25

a religious movement that emphasized personal piety, emotional religious experiences, and a more direct relationship with God, influencing colonial religious practices

Question 26

natural rights

Answer 26

inherent, inalienable rights that include life, liberty, and property, which were central to the philosophical underpinnings of American independence

Question 27

deism

Answer 27

a religious belief that accepted the existence of a divine creator but rejected organized religion and the idea of divine intervention in human affairs

Question 28

revival

Answer 28

a religious awakening characterized by fervent preaching, emotional conversions, and a renewed interest in religious faith

Question 29

Old Lights

Answer 29

traditionalist religious leaders who resisted the changes brought about by the Great Awakening

Question 30

New Lights

Answer 30

preachers who embraced the revivalist movement

Question 31

consumer revolution

Answer 31

a shift towards increased consumption of goods and the emergence of a market-driven economy

Question 32

Regulators

Answer 32

groups of colonists, particularly in the Carolinas and North Carolina, who protested against corrupt and unfair government practices, often through organized resistance

Question 33

What was the role of the colonies in the British mercantilist system after the 1650s?

Answer 33

After the 1650s, the American colonies played a pivotal role in the British mercantilist system by providing raw materials and serving as markets for British manufactured goods. They were expected to export goods like tobacco, timber, and indigo to England and in return, import finished British products.

Question 34

How did British policies in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries shape the American colonies and the British/American relationship?

Answer 34

British policies in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, such as the Navigation Acts and the Molasses Act, aimed to regulate colonial trade and generate revenue for Britain. These policies led to increased tensions and resistance among American colonists, foreshadowing future conflicts like the American Revolution.

Question 35

What was the British policy of salutary neglect? Why did the British follow this policy and what were its consequences?

Answer 35

The British policy of “salutary neglect” was a hands-off approach to colonial governance, where the British government loosely enforced its regulations in the American colonies. This was primarily motivated by Britain’s focus on other global matters and a desire to maintain colonial loyalty. The consequences included greater self-governance and economic growth in the colonies, which later contributed to tensions with Britain.

Question 36

In what ways did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening prompt Americans to challenge traditional sources of authority?

Answer 36

The Enlightenment encouraged critical thinking and a challenge to traditional authority, particularly in matters of government and religion. The Great Awakening sparked religious revival and empowered individuals to question established religious hierarchies, contributing to a broader challenge to traditional sources of authority.

Question 36

Compare and contrast the ethnic complexity of the middle colonies with the racial (and, in the backcountry, the ethnic) diversity of the southern colonies. What conflicts did this diversity cause?

Answer 36

The middle colonies had ethnic complexity due to the diversity of European settlers, while the southern colonies had racial diversity with the presence of enslaved Africans and Native Americans. This diversity sometimes led to conflicts, such as religious tensions in the middle colonies and racial conflicts in the southern backcountry.

Question 37

What were the causes of unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-eighteenth century?

Answer 37

Unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-18th century stemmed from conflicts over land ownership, Native American relations, and frustration with colonial governments’ failure to address these issues effectively.

Question 38

How did the three mainland regions in British North America—New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South—become more like one another between 1720 and 1750? In what ways did they become increasingly different? From these comparisons, what conclusions can you draw about the character of American society in the mid-eighteenth century?

Answer 38

Between 1720 and 1750, the three mainland regions in British North America became more similar in terms of increased trade, population growth, and urbanization. However, they remained different in terms of religious and cultural diversity, economic specialization, and social structures. American society in the mid-18th century was characterized by both shared developments and distinct regional identities.

Question 39

In what colonies were enslaved Africans most successful in creating African-American communities? Where were they least successful? How do you explain the differences?

Answer 39

Enslaved Africans were most successful in creating African American communities in the southern colonies, where they formed distinctive cultural traditions. They were least successful in the New England colonies, where slavery was less widespread and Africans were a smaller percentage of the population.

Question 40

How was Great Britain, with its depleted treasury, able to defeat the French in the Great War of Empire after having failed to achieve success against them in previous colonial wars?

Answer 40

Great Britain’s ability to defeat the French in the Great War of Empire was partly due to alliances with Native American tribes and other European powers, as well as superior naval power. Additionally, Britain’s wartime policies and leadership played a role in their ultimate success.

Question 41

What issues divided the various ethnic & religious groups of the middle colonies?

Answer 41

The middle colonies had diverse ethnic and religious groups, leading to tensions over issues like land ownership, political power, and religious freedom. Conflicts arose over control of resources and political representation.

Question 42

What was the Albany Congress? Who organized it? Who participated? What were its outcomes?

Answer 42

organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 and included delegates from several American colonies to discuss defense against French and Native American threats. It resulted in the Albany Plan of Union, which proposed colonial unity for defense, but it was not adopted. However, it laid the groundwork for future discussions of colonial unity and cooperation.

Question 43

Isaac Newton

Answer 43

a renowned English physicist and mathematician whose laws of motion and universal gravitation had a profound impact on scientific thought in Colonial America and the world.

Question 44

John Locke

Answer 44

an influential Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas about natural rights and government by consent greatly influenced the political thought of American colonists.

Question 45

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 45

a polymath, inventor, writer, and Founding Father who played a key role in shaping colonial and early American society through his scientific discoveries and diplomatic efforts.

Question 46

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 46

a prominent American preacher and theologian during the Great Awakening, known for his fiery sermons that sparked religious revival and fervor in the colonies.

Question 47

George Whitefield

Answer 47

a charismatic English preacher whose evangelical tours in the American colonies during the Great Awakening drew large crowds and had a profound religious impact.

Question 48

Tanaghrisson

Answer 48

a Native American leader who played a significant role in the events leading to the French and Indian War through his alliances and interactions with British and French authorities.

Question 49

William Pitt

Answer 49

a British statesman who played a crucial role in leading Britain to victory in the French and Indian War through his effective leadership and support for the American colonial cause

Question 50

Pontiac

Answer 50

a Native American leader of the Ottawa tribe who led a widespread Native American uprising against British colonial rule in the aftermath of the French and Indian War, known as Pontiac’s Rebellion

Question 51

Edmund Andros

Answer 51

an English colonial governor who served in the Dominion of New England and is remembered for his authoritarian rule and unpopular policies in the late 17th century

Question 52

William of Orange

Answer 52

a Dutch prince who became King of England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688, leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Britain and its colonies

Question 53

William Byrd II

Answer 53

a Virginia planter, author, and colonial official known for his extensive writings that provide valuable insights into colonial life and culture.

Question 54

Robert Walpole

Answer 54

a British statesman often regarded as the first de facto Prime Minister of Britain. His policies had a significant impact on British colonial affairs during the early 18th century.

Question 55

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 55

aimed to unite the American colonies for defense against the French. It laid the groundwork for future discussions on colonial unity.

Question 56

Poor Richard’s Almanac

Answer 56

was a popular publication filled with practical advice and witty aphorisms, shaping Franklin’s reputation as a writer and thinker in colonial America. written by Benjamin Franklin