Chapter 9: Transforming the Economy

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

A period of significant technological and economic change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries marked by the shift from agrarian and handcraft-based economies to industrial and mechanized production.

Question 2

division of labor

Answer 2

The process of breaking down a complex task into smaller, specialized tasks, often associated with factory production.

Question 3

mineral-based economy

Answer 3

An economy dependent on the extraction and use of minerals, such as coal and iron, which fueled industrialization.

Question 4

mechanics

Answer 4

Early 19th-century term referring to skilled workers, particularly those involved in manufacturing and mechanics.

Question 5

Waltham-Lowell System

Answer 5

A labor system in early textile mills in the United States that employed young women from rural areas and provided them with housing and moral supervision.

Question 6

machine tools

Answer 6

Tools and machines used to manufacture other machines and parts, critical to the growth of industrial production.

Question 7

artisan republicanism

Answer 7

A belief in the importance of skilled workers and artisans as the backbone of a republic’s economic and social stability.

Question 8

unions

Answer 8

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for improved working conditions, better wages, and labor rights.

Question 9

labor theory of value

Answer 9

The economic theory that the value of a product is determined by the amount of labor required to produce it, a concept influential in early labor movements.

Question 10

Market Revolution

Answer 10

A transformation of the U.S. economy in the early 19th century, characterized by increased market participation, transportation improvements, and industrialization.

Question 11

Erie Canal

Answer 11

A major transportation project completed in 1825, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and facilitating trade and settlement in the Midwest.

Question 12

middle class

Answer 12

A social and economic class comprised of skilled workers, professionals, and business owners who occupied a position between the working class and the upper class.

Question 13

self-made man

Answer 13

A term referring to individuals who achieved success and wealth through their own efforts and abilities, rather than through inherited wealth or social status.

Question 14

Benevolent Empire

Answer 14

A movement in the early 19th century promoting moral reform and philanthropy, including efforts to combat social problems such as alcoholism and slavery.

Question 15

Sabbatarian values

Answer 15

Beliefs and practices emphasizing the observance of the Sabbath (Sunday) as a day of rest and religious reflection.

Question 16

moral free agency

Answer 16

The idea that individuals have the capacity to make moral choices and are responsible for their own actions.

Question 17

American Temperance Society

Answer 17

An organization founded in 1826 dedicated to promoting temperance and reducing alcohol consumption in the United States.

Question 18

nativist movements

Answer 18

Movements advocating for the protection of the rights and interests of native-born citizens against the influence of immigrants, often motivated by cultural, religious, or economic concerns.