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z Biol 011 > Unit 2 - Cells: Structures, Functions, and Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cells: Structures, Functions, and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

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2
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP is the energy currency

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3
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells divided into compartments?

A

They have specialization, so different environments might be needed for different tasks.

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer, or a double layer of phospholipids.

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5
Q

What do we call a membrane that allows some materials to pass but not others?

A

Selectively permeable

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6
Q

What kind of life belongs to the prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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7
Q

What superlative describe bacteria and archaea?

A

They are the smallest and most metabolically diverse forms of life.

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8
Q

What does “metabolically diverse” mean?

A

It means they can eat and use many different things as a food source or building material

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9
Q

How are bacteria and archaea similar?

A

In appearance and size

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10
Q

How are bacteria and archaea different?

A

In structure and metabolism

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11
Q

What are the basic body parts of bacteria and archaea?

A 
Cytoplasm (with ribosomes)
DNA in a nucleoid
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Capsule
Pilus (pl. pili)
Flagellum
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12
Q

What can get through a cell’s membrane?

A

Gases, water, and small molecules.

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13
Q

Why can’t molecules that are hydrophilic cross the lipid bilayer?

A

Because it’s oily, and hydrophiles love them waters.

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14
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom that has lost of gained one or more electrons.

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15
Q

Why can’t ions cross the cell membrane?

A

Because they’re polar.

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16
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It makes the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane possible with the help of membrane proteins.

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17
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive?

A

Note the word “diffusion”; still from high to low, still passive, but it just needs a transport protein.

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from a less crowded to a more crowded area (against the concentration gradient)

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19
Q

What do you call the outside of a cell?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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20
Q

What is step one in active transport?

A

The active transport of ions into cells (although it can be other things)

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21
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

A high concentration of water and a low concentration of solute.

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22
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

A low concentration of water and a high concentration of solute.

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23
Q

How do ions get into a cell?

A

The cell pumps them in through active transport

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24
Q

What is step two of active transport?

A

The net movement of water into the cell by osmosis.

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25
Q

What does active transport require to work?

A

Energy (ATP) and membrane proteins

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26
Q

Why do we have electrolyte drinks?

A

Because they help move ions into cells, which means that the water follows, thereby helping our body absorb the water.

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27
Q

What needs to be the same about the solutes for osmosis to stop?

A

The RATIO of water to other ingredients in the solute.

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28
Q

What is the driving force behind osmosis?

A

To even out the concentration of water in a solute.

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29
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process by which cells take in particles that are too big for transport proteins.

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30
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process by which cells expel particles that are too big for transport proteins.

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31
Q

In a cell, what produces ATP?

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

In a cell, what produces polypeptides?

A

Ribosomes

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33
Q

In a cell, what produces ribosome parts?

A

The nucleolus

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34
Q

In a cell, what protects and holds the DNA?

A

The nucleus

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35
Q

In a cell, what controls protein synthesis?

A

The nucleus

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36
Q

In a cell, what modifies and assembles proteins?

A

The rough ER

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37
Q

In a cell, what produces lipids?

A

The smooth ER

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38
Q

In a cell, what are the transport proteins called?

A

Vesicles

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39
Q

In a cell, what sorts and labels various proteins?

A

The Golgi apparatus

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40
Q

In a cell, what takes care of intracellular digestion?

A

Lysosome

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41
Q

In a cell, what controls which substances go in and out?

A

Cell membrane

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42
Q

In a cell, what holds the internal structures?

A

Cytoplasm

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43
Q

Why are cells small?

A

So that they have a larger surface area to allow for more substances to pass through the membrane

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44
Q

What is a good analogy for why cells need to be small?

A

Think of a big building and fire exits.

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45
Q

Smaller cells have a higher what?

A

surface-area-to-volume ratio

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46
Q

What four things does a cell want to let in?

A

Oxygen
Water
Food molecules
Protein

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47
Q

Why does a cell need oxygen?

A

To burn, even in the body, you need oxygen! So we need oxygen for ATP production

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48
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • Passive transport: The movement of molecules from a more crowded to a less crowded area without the use of energy, i.e. by diffusion
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49
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random movement of molecules, from high to low concentrations

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50
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane.

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51
Q

What are the differences and similarities between the things that a cell wants to let in?

A

o Oxygen and water are smaller and can move freely across the phospholipid barrier
o But food molecules and proteins are too big, so they need membrane protein gates

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52
Q

What is membrane trafficking?

A

The process by which cells take in (endocytosis) and expel (exocytosis) particles that are too big for transport proteins, as well as substances in bulk

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53
Q

What does membrane trafficking require?

A

The formation and movement of vesicles

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54
Q

In membrane trafficking, do the particles cross the lipid bilayer?

A

No. When a vesicle fuses with the cell wall, the lipid bilayers actually fuse, so that nothing ever technically “crosses” the plasma membrane.

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55
Q

What is a producer?

A

Organism that harvests its energy directly from the environment, usually in the form of light energy through photosynthesis.

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56
Q

How does a producer get food?

A

It makes its own, mostly through photosynthesis

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57
Q

What organisms are producers?

A

Plants (and others as well)

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58
Q

What’s a consumer?

A

An organism that harvests its energy by consuming other organisms, either parts, whole, remains or wastes.

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59
Q

How do both producers and consumers release energy?

A

Through cellular respiration?

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60
Q

What kinds of organisms are consumers?

A

Animals, most fungi, many protists, and bacteria

61
Q

What happens to nutrients in the cells of producers and consumers?

A

They become incorporated into the cells and are eventually released by decomposition, some cycling back to producers

62
Q

What happens to matter in an ecosystem?

A

It cycles around

63
Q

What happens to energy in an ecosystem?

A

It flows through and out

64
Q

What happens to all energy that enters the world of life?

A

It eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat released back to the environment

65
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules

66
Q

Carbon + water =

A

carbohydrates!

67
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => Released energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

68
Q

What is C6H12O6?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

What is the formula for carbohydrates?

A

C6H12O6

70
Q

How many carbohydrates are there in glucose?

A

6

71
Q

There are 6 carbohydrates in glucose, so what is that formula?

A

(C + H2O) x 6 = C6H12O6

72
Q

What are the six main points of the cellular respiration formula in words?

A
  1. Burns sugars for energy
  2. Oxygen is used
  3. Energy is released
  4. Occurs in the mitochondria of most cells
  5. Carbon dioxide is produced
  6. Water is produced
73
Q

What types of cells have lots of mitochondria and why?

A

 Muscle cells! Those cells contract a lot, so they need a lot of ATP produced, and that’s why they need lotsa mitochondria

74
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles in plants not animals

75
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

The green pigment chlorophyll

76
Q

What are the stacks in chloroplasts called?

A

Thylakoids

77
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Photosynthesis! (makes sugars)

78
Q

What is the point of photosynthesis?

A

Making sugar from sunlight

79
Q

What is the energy conversion that happens with photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is turned into chemical energy

80
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2

81
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Only in cells with chloroplasts

82
Q

Where does photosynthesis NOT occur?

A

Roots, bark, etc. Anything NOT green.

83
Q

What kind of energy does photosynthesis produce?

A

Chemical energy

84
Q

How does a consumer get food?

A

It eats

85
Q

What happens in the growth stage of interphase?

A

The cell grows and produces more organelles

86
Q

What happens in the DNA synthesis stage of the interphase?

A

The DNA molecules are replicated

87
Q

What happens in the preparation for division stage of interphase?

A

Materials needed for mitosis are produced

88
Q

What is the function of cell division in bacteria?

A

Reproduction, i.e. making more bacteria

89
Q

What is the function of meiosis in the female body and where does it happen?

A

It produces egg cells in the ovaries

90
Q

What is the function of meiosis in the male body and where does it happen?

A

It produces sperm cells in the testes.

91
Q

How does “crossing-over” lead to genetic variations in gametes?

A

The exchange of DNA segments creates new combinations of paternal and maternal DNA on each chromosome.

92
Q

The strawberry plant: What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It is quick, requires little energy, and only one parent plant is needed.

93
Q

The strawberry plant: What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

The new plant is a clone of its parent and therefore equally vulnerable to a disease.

94
Q

The strawberry plant: What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

New genetic varieties are produced, which may provide protection against disease, and the seeds may end up in a new environment where more plants can grow.

95
Q

The strawberry plant: What are the four disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

It requires to parents, a pollinator, a lot of energy, and a lot of time.

96
Q

The strawberry plant: Why will it reproduce asexually?

A

To take advantage of a favourable environment.

97
Q

Why do cells divide in unicellular organisms?

A

To reproduce

98
Q

Why do cells divide in multicellular organisms?

A

To grow or to maintain/repair tissues

99
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

An organized (wound up) structure of DNA that is found in the nucleus of cells when the cell is dividing

100
Q

A chromosome is what kind of molecule?

A

DNA

101
Q

When do we call DNA a chromosome?

A

When it is folding up in a very specific way

102
Q

What happens to DNA when a cell is NOT dividing?

A

The DNA is all spaghetti-like; still organized, but everywhere

103
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The part in the middle of a chromosome that connects the two copies

104
Q

What do you call the part in the middle of a chromosome that connects the two copies?

A

The centromere

105
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does each body cell have?

A

2, one paternal and one maternal

106
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

The ones that carry the same information but are NOT identical.

107
Q

How many sets of homologous chromosomes do we have?

A

23

108
Q

What do we call the chromosome sets that carry the same type of genes for the same characteristics?

A

Homologous chromosomes

109
Q

What do we call two different types of the same gene?

A

Alleles

110
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different types of the same gene

111
Q

Are homologous chromosomes always the same size and shape?

A

Yes, except for our reproductive genes.

112
Q

Human cells have two of each kind of chromosome, which is called…?

A

Diploid

113
Q

What do we call cells which only have one type of each chromosome?

A

Haploid

114
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome

115
Q

In humans, which type of cell is haploid?

A

Sex cells

116
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with only one kind of chromosome

117
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The division process that halves the chromosome number; sexual reproduction

118
Q

What does crossing over do?

A

It mixes up paternal and maternal alleles on homologous chromosomes.

119
Q

What are the three parts of interphase?

A

G1: Growth
S: DNA synthesis
G2: Getting ready for division

120
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytoplasmic division

121
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

122
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA molecules when they’re not all folded up, aka the spaghetti

123
Q

What happens in the prophase of mitosis?

A
  • The chromatin draws together to create chromosomes

- Spindle fibers form and the nuclear membrane breaks down

124
Q

What do spindle fibers do?

A

They helps move chromosomes around

125
Q

What are spindle fibers made of?

A

Proteins that are part of the cytoskeleton

126
Q

What can you see/not see during the prophase of mitosis?

A

We can’t see the nucleus anymore but we can see the chromosomes as they begin to fold up

127
Q

What happens in the metaphase of mitosis?

A

The chromosomes line up at the cells equator and the spindles attach to the sister chromatids

128
Q

Where do spindles attach to the chromosomes?

A

At the centrioles

129
Q

What happens in the anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere

130
Q

What happens in the telophase of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosomes reach the poles
  • The nuclear membrane begins to reform
  • Cleavage furrow forms, pinchbe the cells in two
  • Chromosomes begin to unwind
131
Q

What happens during cytoplasmic division?

A

The cell breaks in two and the cytoplasm is divided

132
Q

How does cytoplasmic division happen in animal cells?

A

With a cleavage furrow; like when a balloon is pinched

133
Q

How does cytoplasmic division happen in plant cells?

A

A cell plate is formed

134
Q

Where does meiosis happen?

A

Only in reproductive organs

135
Q

What is the point of meiosis?

A

To create variety

136
Q

In humans, where does mitosis occur?

A

Everywhere

137
Q

In humans, where does meiosis occur?

A

Only in the ovaries or testes

138
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A mature, haploid reproductive cell, e.g. an egg or a sperm

139
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell formed by fusion of two gametes; the first cell of a new individual

140
Q

What is the difference in the stages of mitosis and meiosis?

A

There is meiosis I and II; the second stage is exactly the same as mitosis

141
Q

How many divisions are there in meiosis?

A

2

142
Q

What happens in the prophase of meiosis I?

A
  • Spindles form
  • The nuclear membrane breaks up
  • The 4 chromatids of of the homologous chromosomes connect
  • Crossing over occurs
143
Q

What happens in the metaphase of meiosis I?

A

Tetrads line up at the cell’s equator, side-by-side in pairs (NOT in a single line like mitosis)

144
Q

What are chromatids?

A

The single strands of DNA that make up a chromosome

145
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Exactly the same chromatids connected at the centriole of a chromosome

146
Q

How are the paternal and maternal chromosomes oriented in the metaphase of mitosis I?

A

Randomly.

147
Q

What happens in the anaphase of meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate and begin heading toward the poles

148
Q

What happens in the telophase of meiosis I?

A

A complete set of chromosomes reach each pole and a nuclear envelope forms, so two haploid nuclei form.

z Biol 011 (7 decks)

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