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z Biol 011 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four points of all living things?

A

All living things…

  1. Require nutrients and energy
  2. Have and use DNA
  3. Are made of one or more cells
  4. Sense and respond to change
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2
Q

What are the three ways in which living things differ?

A
  1. Complexity of cell (prokaryote vs. eukaryote)
  2. Organization (unicellular vs. multicellular)
  3. Mode of nutrition (producer vs. consumer, ingestion vs. absorption)
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3
Q

What are the four parts of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells.
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells
  3. All cells contain DNA, at least at the start of their lives
  4. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function
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4
Q

“The cell is the basic unit of structure and function”

What does this mean?

A

Essentially, that it is the building block of life, and that it is the smallest unit which can perform the basic functions of life, i.e. do metabolism

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5
Q

What needs to be included on a microscopic drawing?

A
  • Name of organism
  • Magnification
  • Measured scale
  • Labels of all parts if possible
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6
Q

What do you look through on a microscope?

A

The eyepiece

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7
Q

What are the turny knobs on the microscope called?

A

Coarse and/or fine adjustment

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8
Q

Microscope:

What holds the many lenses?

A

The revolving nosepiece

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9
Q

Microscope:

What are the lenses closest to the specimen called?

A

Objective lenses

low-power, high-power

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10
Q

Microscope:

What acts like the aperture?

A

The diaphragm

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11
Q

Microscope:

What’s the light called?

A

Substage lamp

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12
Q

Microscope:

What holds the slide down?

A

Stage clip

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13
Q

Microscope:

Where do you place the slide?

A

On the stage

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14
Q

Microscope:

What is the name of the lens closest to your eye?

A

Ocular lens

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15
Q

What is a population?

A

All the inter-breeding members of the same species within a given habitat

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16
Q

What is a community?

A

A community consists of all the biotic components within a habitat, from algae to alligators

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17
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem refers to a community interacting with its physical, abiotic environment

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18
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No. They are not made of cells, for they lack both cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. But they’re damn close.

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19
Q

What/where is the nucleolus?

A

The centre part of the nucleus.

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20
Q

What/where is the nucleus?

A

The large centre brain of the cell

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21
Q

What/where is the rough ER?

A

The labyrinth connected to the nucleus, covered in ribosome bumps.

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22
Q

What/where is the smooth ER?

A

The tube-ish bits near the rough ER

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23
Q

What/where is the cell membrane?

A

The outside of the cell.

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24
Q

What/where is the lysosome?

A

The jelly bean organelle.

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25
Q

What/where is the mitochondria?

A

The organelle with the foldy bits inside.

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26
Q

What/where is the Golgi apparatus/body?

A

The pancakes.

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27
Q

What/where are the chloroplasts?

A

The stacks of green things.

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28
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

In charge of banging out ribosome parts

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29
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

House and protects the DNA; the boss of proteins.

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30
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Assembles and organizes the proteins produced by the ribosomes.

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31
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Produces lipids

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32
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Guardian of the borders; selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances in and out

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33
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

The recycling centre; takes care of intracellular digestion

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34
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

Sorts, packages, and labels the proteins; the post office.

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35
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Tesla’s daydream, the hydro-dam; produces energy, i.e. ATP

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36
Q

Why do cells need to be small?

A

Cells are small so that their proportional surface area is larger, allowing for a better flow of substances across the membrane and better diffusion inside.

e.g. Too long for oxygen to diffuse means suffocation; for carbon dioxide it means poisoning.

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37
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Passive transport is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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38
Q

What are two differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have a cell wall and a gargantuan vacuole to to keep their structure. They also have chloroplasts to do photosynthesis.

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39
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion.

A
  • Passive
  • from high to low
  • needs transport proteins
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40
Q

Describe active transport.

A
  • Active
  • from low to high
  • requires ATP
  • needs transport protein
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41
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

High water, low solute

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42
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Low water, high solute

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43
Q

What are three kinds of passive transport?

A
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
  • simple diffusion
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44
Q

How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

A

Osmosis is a kind of diffusion, but it is specifically water and always happens across a semi-permeable membrane

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45
Q

Explain how a protein is transported from the organelle that produces it to the ECF.

A

Ribosomes produce polypeptides which are then assembled through the rough ER. They move on through the small ER and bud off into vesicles that head over the the Golgi body. There, the are budded and absorbed through each successive layer of the Golgi body, which sorts, packages, and labels them for transport. Some are then budded off, destined for the membrane. At the membrane, the vesicles fuse with the use of ATP and protein membranes to perform exocytosis, aka they are actively transported to the ECF.

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46
Q

What is a producer?

A

Organisms that harvest energy directly from the environment, mostly through the process of photosynthesis in the chloroplasts.

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47
Q

What are consumers?

A

Organisms that mus obtain energy by eating/consuming other organisms, either parts, whole, remains, or wastes.

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48
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

sugars + oxygen = released chemical energy + carbon dioxide + water

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49
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which producers harvest sunlight and turn it into sugars/carbohydrates

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50
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts

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51
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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52
Q

What forms does the flow of energy take?

A

light to chemical to heat

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53
Q

What is the difference between matter and energy in an ecosystem?

A

Matter cycles through an ecosystem whereas energy flows through and out, eventually lost through heat energy

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54
Q

What is the matter that gets cycled through an ecosystem?

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, etc.

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55
Q

Interphase:

What are the three stages?

A
  1. Growth (G1)
  2. DNA synthesis (S)
  3. Preparation for division (G2)
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56
Q

Interphase:

What happens during growth?

A

The cell grows and produces more organelles

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57
Q

Interphase:

What happens during DNA synthesis?

A

Exactly what it sounds like–DNA is replicated

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58
Q

Interphase:

What happens during preparation for division?

A

Materials that will be needed for division are produced, i.e. proteins

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59
Q

What is the abbreviation for the phases of mitosis?

A

PMAT

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60
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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61
Q

Mitosis:

What happens in the prophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • spindles form
  • chromatin folds up and winds into visible chromosomes
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62
Q

Mitosis:

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator

- spindles attach to the centromeres

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63
Q

Mitosis:

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • the spindles pull apart the sister chromatids and pull them toward the poles
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64
Q

Mitosis:

What happens during telophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane reappears
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • cytoplasmic division has started
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65
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

The same chromosomes but from different parents

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66
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does each cell have?

A 
2
23 pairs (humans)
46 total (humans)
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67
Q

Meiosis:

What happens during prophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • spindles form
  • homologous pairs connect, forming tetrads
  • crossing over occurs (mix those genes!)
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68
Q

Meiosis:

What happens to the sister chromatids during crossing-over?

A

The sister chromatids cross alleles so that they are no longer identical

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69
Q

Meiosis:

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • tetrads line up at the equator
  • homologous chromosomes are side by side
  • paternal and maternal chromosomes are oriented randomly
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70
Q

What is the end result following meiosis II?

A

4 haploid, non-identical cells

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71
Q

Where does mitosis take place in my body?

A
  • Hair or nail growth

- Repairing a broken bone

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72
Q

Where does meiosis take place in my body?

A

I’m a girl, so I get eggs in the ovaries

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73
Q

Which kingdom of life can reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

Plants. They reproduce sexually with flowers and seeds, but you can also take a cutting and make an asexual copy of the original.

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74
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • creates genetic variation

- helps spread to a new environment

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75
Q

What is the advantage of genetic variation?

A
  • affords protection from diseases

- allows for environmental adaptation

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76
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes a lot of time
  • lots of energy
  • requires two parents
  • (in plants) requires a pollinator
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77
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • only needs one parent
  • can expand quickly in favourable environments
  • fast
  • cheap, energy wise
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78
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • not much variation to protect against disease or environmental changes
  • beneficial mutations are not passed on as quickly
  • harmful mutations take longer to get rid of
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79
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.6 billion years

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80
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experimentation
  4. Analysis
  5. Theory
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81
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A testable explanation or model of something.

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82
Q

What is the point of experimentation?

A

To test/evaluate the hypothesis

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83
Q

What is analysis?

A

Decide whether the experiment supported or rejected the hypothesis (but never prove).
Not supported? Go back.

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84
Q

How is a theory formed?

A

It is only formed if supported by MANY experiments, e.g. Cell Theory, or Newton’s Laws of Motion

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85
Q

What are controls?

A

Variables that need to remain the same in an experiment so that the dependent variable can be properly assessed.

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86
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The x-axis; the thing that we adjust so as to test the dependent variable.

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87
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The y-axis; the thing that will vary and that we are testing and measuring for.

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88
Q

In an experiment you need two groups; what are they?

A

The experimental group and the control group.

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89
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change over time, remember that it occurs in populations, not individuals.

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90
Q

Why does the age of the Earth matter in the theory of evolution?

A

Evolution takes a hella-long time, so for it to work, we need an Earth old enough to have supported life that long

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91
Q

What did Charles Lyell do for the theory of evolution?

A

His book, the Principles of Geology, proposed the theory of uniformity; essentially, he gave us an old Earth.

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92
Q

What is the theory of uniformity?

A

That gradual, repetitive geological processes shaped the Earth over great spans of time

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93
Q

What do we call the segments of DNA that decide traits?

A

Genes

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94
Q

What do we call variations of genes?

A

Alleles

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95
Q

What units (DNA) are passed down through generations and account for variation?

A

Alleles

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96
Q

How do alleles relate to evolution

A

The are the source/cause of random variation between individuals in a population

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97
Q

What do we call “leftover” organs or etc. in a species?

A

Vestigial structures

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98
Q

What are the four steps in random variation leading to natural selection?

A
  1. Variation occurs (alleles)
  2. Survival advantage
  3. Reproductive advantage
  4. Allele becomes more frequent in the population
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99
Q

What is comparative morphology?

A

Animals that seem different on the outside actually have similar internal structures, suggesting that they share a common ancestor.

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100
Q

What’s the kicker in comparative morphology?

A

Vestigial structures; i.e. Why would this organ (eg) have even developed if it wasn’t to be used?

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101
Q

What do we call similar structures in comparative morphology?

A

Homologous structures

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102
Q

What evidence does the fossil record give us?

A

Shit loads of extinction, showing that life has changed; and the layers show simpler organisms as you go further back in time.

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103
Q

What is the principle of superposition?

A

Younger fossils lie on top of older fossils

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104
Q

What is the dinosaur boundary called?

A

The KT Boundary

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105
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans breeding dogs from wolves

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106
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

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107
Q

What is micro-evolution?

A

Micro-evolution occurs when variations (mutations) in alleles become frequent in a population

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108
Q

How do biologists explain the presence of the pharyngeal arches in human embryos?

A

Once upon a time, humans were little fishies that needed gills to breathe water. The pharyngeal arches are vestigial structures that help to demonstrate evolution at work.

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109
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

When two populations become separated via geological isolation and can no longer inter-breed

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110
Q

How could separated populations become two separate species?

A

Geographical separation means no more mutated allele swaps, so any variations are confined to the specific populations

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111
Q

What are the genes we all share that control our body plans?

A

Hox genes, short for homeobox

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112
Q

Why don’t we have more genes? If evolution goes from simple to complex, why don’t humans, for example, have hundreds of thousands of genes instead of just the 23,000-ish that we do have?

A

Hox genes help explain this. They are essentially construction project managers that direct the structural development of an organism by flipping on and off, almost like current switches. The key is that we all have the SAME ones. We started with the same and instead of adding more, the switches just flip. This does a lot to explain both macro- and micro-evolution

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113
Q

What is the order of biological classification mnemonic?

A

Dirty Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex

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114
Q

What do protists have in common?

A

Mostly unicellular
All eukaryotes
Mostly live in water

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115
Q

What do animal-like and fungus-like protists have in common?

A

They are heterotrophs

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116
Q

How do animal-like protists get their nutrients?

A

They ingest to digest;

they are consumers or parasites.

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117
Q

How do fungus-like protists get their nutrients?

A

They digest outside and absorb nutrients.

118
Q

How do plant-like protists get their nutrients?

A

They are autotrophic.

119
Q

What is the “real” definition of a protist?

A

Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

120
Q

What’s another name for animal-like protists?

A

Protozoa or protozoans

121
Q

Basically, what are the plant-like protists?

A

Algae

122
Q

Basically, what are the fungus-like protists?

A

Decomposers

123
Q

What’s that organelle that looks like a star?

A

The contractile vacuole

124
Q

How does an amoeba move?

A

Using pseudopodia, false feet, which are extensions of the cytoplasm

125
Q

How does a paramecium move?

A

Moves using cilia

126
Q

How does a plasmodium move?

A

It doesn’t

127
Q

What do amoeba eat?

A

Bacteria and other protozoans

128
Q

How does an amoeba eat?

A

Phagocytosis. By surrounding and engulfing it; the food goes into the food vacuole with digestive enzymes.

129
Q

Which organelle removes excess water?

A

The contractile vacuole

130
Q

Name two protists that live in fresh water and have contractile vacuoles

A

Amoeba and protists

131
Q

Why do freshwater protists need contractile vacuoles?

A

Although they live in fresh water, they are not made of fresh water; this means that they live in a hypotonic environment and water will naturally flow into them by osmosis. They contractile vacuole is a tool of homeostasis, allowing the organism to shuck excess water and return its inner environment to a favourable state.

132
Q

What do we call the protective membrane that amoebas secrete when conditions are unfavourable?

A

Cysts

133
Q

What sickness can amoeba cause in humans?

A

Amoebic dysentery from contaminated water

134
Q

How does a paramecium eat?

A

The food comes in through a mouth pore, is moved into a gullet, and forms a food vacuole.

135
Q

What is the rigid outer membrane of a paramecium called?

A

Pellicle

136
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of the pellicle?

A

Can’t change shape, but offers more protection

137
Q

How does a paramecium remove wastes?

A

Through the anal pore

138
Q

What’s the kicker with paramecium?

A

They have two nuclei: macro- and micro-nucleus, used to reproduce sexually.

139
Q

What does the macronucleus do in paramecium?

A

The normal job: controls protein synthesis, digestion, respiration, etc.

140
Q

What does the micronucleus do in paramecium?

A

Used during conjugal visits

141
Q

How do paramecium reproduce?

A

Two ways:

  1. Asexually (binary fission)
  2. Sexually (conjugation)
142
Q

How does sexual reproduction work with paramecium?

A

Two paramecia join at the mouth pore; they then swap haploid micronuclei (that have undergone meiosis); these then form the macronuclei of the daughter cells after cells separate and each divides.

143
Q

Which protist causes malaria in humans?

A

Plasmodium

144
Q

How is plasmodium spread?

A

Through the anopheles mosquito

145
Q

What’s a parasite?

A

An organism that lies on or in a host organism and causes harm to that organism

146
Q

What’s a vector?

A

An organism that can carry a parasite and is responsible for infecting other organisms with that parasite

147
Q

Why are plant-like protists so bloody important?

A

They produce shit tons of oxygen

148
Q

What are three examples of plant-like protists?

A

Diatoms
Spirogyra
SOME euglena

149
Q

What are euglena?

A

Mostly animal-like but occasionally plant-like protists

150
Q

How do euglena move?

A

With a flagella

151
Q

What physical feature puts euglena apart?

A

They have an eyespot.

152
Q

What does the eyespot on a euglena do?

A

Senses light so it can places to photosynthesize

153
Q

When do euglena become animal-like?

A

When they are kept in the dark and need to get energy as consumers

154
Q

What are the main producers of oxygen in the oceans?

A

Diatoms

155
Q

Why are diatoms so important in the ocean? (apart from the oxygen thing)

A

They are an important food source for marine animals, i.e. plankton

156
Q

What sets diatoms apart physiologically?

A

They produce thin cell walls of silica

157
Q

What do we call pond scum, aka multicellular algae?

A

Spirogyra

158
Q

Spirogyra have bucket loads of what?

A

Chloroplasts

159
Q

Are spirogyra multicellular organisms?

A

No, they are long filaments of cells connected end-to-end

160
Q

Where do you find spirogyra and what do they look like?

A

They appear as slimy green mats on the surface of clean, nutrient-rich water; literally, this is pond scum

161
Q

What is the common name for fungus-like protists?

A

Water mold

162
Q

How do fungus-like protists work?

A

They form a mesh of nutrient-absorbing filaments.

163
Q

How do euglena get their nutrients?

A

Photosynthesis and consumption of bacteria and smaller protists.

164
Q

What are the 8 main parts of bacteria/archaea?

A 
Cell wall
Capsule
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Pilus
DNA
Ribosomes
165
Q

What are the five types of archaea?

A 
Chemosynthetic
Photosynthetic
Halophiles
Methanogens
Thermophiles
166
Q

What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

A

They use chemicals to obtain energy and are found on the ocean floor.

167
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Bacteria that live in hot springs, lava, etc.

168
Q

What do we call the group of bacteria that do cellular respiration without oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobes

169
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Bacteria that live in salty environments

170
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Bacteria that live in animal guts and sewage treatment plants, and produce methane gas

171
Q

What do we call bacteria that get energy from dead organisms (decomposers)?

A

Saprophytes

172
Q

How do most bacteria obtain energy/nutrients?

A

They are heterotrophs

173
Q

What do we call bacteria that get food from living organisms without killing them?

A

Parasites

174
Q

What is another name for photosynthetic bacteria?

A

Blue-green algae

175
Q

What are sphere-shaped bacteria called?

A

Cocci

176
Q

What are rod-shaped bacteria called?

A

Bacilli

177
Q

What are spiral-shaped bacteria called?

A

Spirilli

178
Q

What do we call bacteria that cluster?

A

Staphylo

179
Q

What do we call bacteria that chain?

A

Strepto

180
Q

How do bacteria stick together?

A

The sticky capsule!

181
Q

Which virus causes shingles?

A

Varicella zoster virus

182
Q

What are the symptoms of shingles?

A 
A painful rash that develops on one side of the face or body. The rash forms blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days and clears up within 2 to 4 weeks. 
Other symptoms:
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Upset stomach
183
Q

How is shingles transmitted?

4 points

A
  • Shingles cannot be passed from one person to another.
  • The varicella zoster virus, can be spread from a person with active shingles to another person who has never had chickenpox. In such cases, the person exposed to the virus might develop chickenpox, but they would not develop shingles.
  • The virus is spread through direct contact with fluid from the rash blisters caused by shingles.
  • A person is not infectious before the blisters appear. Once the rash has developed crusts, the person is no longer contagious.
184
Q

What is the best treatment/prevention for shingles?

A

There is a shingles vaccine and people over 60 are recommended to get it.

There are several antivirals for treatment, but to be effective, they must be started as soon as possible after the rash appears.

Pain medicine, calamine, and oatmeal baths can help with the pain and itching.

185
Q

Which bacteria cause ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

186
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Mostly asexually

187
Q

What’s it called when cells split?

A

Binary fission

188
Q

What’s up with the DNA in bacteria reproduction?

A

There’s a single strand of DNA that gets replicated; there are no chromosomes.

189
Q

What’s up with bacteria conjugation?

A

Plasmids are transferred through a cytoplasmic bridge formed by a pilus

190
Q

What’s a plasmid?

A

A small, separate, circular piece of DNA

191
Q

What are some advantages to bacteria?

A
  • They are part of food for us
  • Symbiotic relationship with plants
  • They decompose waste
  • They recycle nutrients (complete the loop)
  • Help digest food
192
Q

What are some disadvantages of bacteria?

A
  • Kill our species in the millions
  • Destroy food and property
  • Create general unpleasantness such as bad breath, acne, etc.
193
Q

What are the basic parts of viruses?

A

They are basically just DNA/RNA surrounded by protein

194
Q

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

A

Capsid

195
Q

What are two other things that a virus might have?

A

Enzymes to help it inject DNA into the host, and an envelope formed of little bits of membrane they steal from the host.

196
Q

Why aren’t viruses alive?

four points

A
  • They don’t do homeostasis
  • They do not do cellular respiration
  • They do not grow or develop
  • They cannot reproduce on their own
197
Q

What life-like qualities do viruses have?

A
  • They do reproduce, just not on their own
  • They evolve/mutate
  • They have limited movement
198
Q

What are the four types of viruses?

A

Bacteriophages
Adenoviruses
Retroviruses - RNA viruses
DNA viruses

199
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria; they can be considered helpful because they kill bacteria that can harm us

200
Q

What are adenoviruses?

A

Infects animals; causes eye infections, common colds, hepatitis, etc.

201
Q

What is the structure of an adenovirus like?

A

It has a 20-sided protein cot with a spike at each corner

202
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

RNA viruses that have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which converts RNA to DNA inside host cells

203
Q

What do retroviruses cause?

A

Influenza, rabies, AIDS

204
Q

Which viruses have lipid envelopes?

A

RNA and DNA viruses

205
Q

What do DNA viruses cause?

A

Smallpox and herpes

206
Q

What are the two virus cycles in bacteriophages called?

A

Lytic and lysogenic

207
Q

Which cycle kills the host cell?

A

The lytic cycle

208
Q

What are the five stages in the lytic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Replication + Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
209
Q

What does “lysic” actually mean?

A

The “breaking” of the cell; BOOM!

210
Q

How do the lytic and lysogenic stages differ?

A

There is no synthesis of parts in the lysogenic cycle; the virus basically remains dormant until the time is right, then BAM!

211
Q

What’s the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have only a simple DNA molecule which (unlike in eukaryotes) does not coil into chromosomes and is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

212
Q

What is the difference between archaea and bacteria?

A

Archaea are older and found in more extreme environments

213
Q

What are cyanobacteria sometimes classified as plants?

A

They carry out photosynthesis: they fix carbon from CO2 into organic compounds and produce oxygen.

214
Q

Describe binary fission

A

The DNA molecule of a bacterium is replicated and the two molecules are separated by membrane and wall material while it continues to grow. When it has almost doubled in size, the new membranes and walls between the DNA molecules are completed and two identical cells result

215
Q

Why are bacteria important for our digestion?

A

They break down certain food molecules and produce vitamins, including vitamin K

216
Q

What structure protects bacteria?

A

The capsule offers some protection against things like white blood cells

217
Q

What is a bacterium’s capsule made of?

A

Sticky polysaccharides

218
Q

What are the function of pili?

A

They help bacteria cling to surfaces, and sex pili enable conjugation

219
Q

Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic pathways.

A

In the lytic pathway, the virus uses the host cells to reproduce, then kills the cell.

In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is inserted into the host DNA molecule and is duplicated along with host DNA when cells divides.

220
Q

What are the two main differences between the lytic and lysogenic pathways?

A

Viral proteins are made vs. not made

Cells are killed vs. not killed

221
Q

Do viruses and bacteria cause disease in the same way?

A

No. Viruses hijack the host cell and prevent the cells from functioning properly, whereas bacteria invade human tissues and cause disease through the toxic substances they produce and release.

222
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Mutualism is a species interaction in which each species benefits by associating with the other.

223
Q

What is obligate mutualism?

A

It means that the two species literally need each other, e.g. milkweeds and monarchs

224
Q

What is mutual protection?

A

When the two species use each other for protection, e.g. the clown fish and anemone

225
Q

What are competitive interactions?

A

Essentially, resource wars.

Since resources are scarce and limited, there is major competition for them.

226
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The environmental conditions under which an organism can survive and thrive.

227
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

The evolutionary process by which species adapt to share resources in a way that limits competition.

228
Q

What is predation?

A

An species interaction in which one species (predator) captures, kills, and eats another species (prey).

229
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

A process in which one array of species replaces another

230
Q

What is primary succession?

A

When NOTHING was there, e.g. new volcanic land or glaciers receding

231
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

The first species to appear in a primary succession, usually lichen or mosses

232
Q

What do pioneer species do?

A

They are opportunistic colonizers that help to build and improve soils

233
Q

How do lichens create soil?

A

They lichen breaks down the rock, producing organic materials; other organic matter blows in with the wind, and soil is formed.

234
Q

What is lichen?

A

A form of mutualism with a pairing of fungus and algae/cynobacteria

235
Q

How do the fungus benefit in lichen?

A

The algae and cynobacteria do photosynthesis; the algae makes sugars

236
Q

How do the algae/cynobacteria benefit in lichen?

A

The fungus absorbs minerals from breaking down the rock and retains water (otherwise they’d just dry up)

237
Q

What is a secondary succession?

A

When one array replaces another in a disturbed region, e.g. the OK Mtn Park fire

238
Q

Who developed the taxonomic categories?

A

Carl Linnaeus

239
Q

Our system of naming uses two names–what’s that called?

A

Binomial nomenclature

240
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

241
Q

How many known, living, and named species are there on Earth?

A

2 - 4.5 million

242
Q

How many estimated species are there on Earth?

A

10 - 100 million

243
Q

How many species is it estimated that we lose a year?

A

50 000

244
Q

How is a species defined?

A

Organisms with similar characteristics that produce fertile offspring

245
Q

What is the problem with our current definition of a species?

A

We run into problems with unicellulars that reproduce asexually.

246
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A key for the identification of organisms

247
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

248
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Monera, plantae, fungi, protista, animalia

249
Q

What is the underground part of a fungus called?

A

The mycellium network

250
Q

What does the mycellium do?

A

They look for molecules to break down.

251
Q

Where do fungi live?

A

In warm,dark, moist conditions rich in organic matter

252
Q

What are the benefits of fungi?

A
  • They decompose and recycle nutrients
  • Mycorrhiza helps trees and other plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil
  • Lichens make soil
  • Food: mushrooms and blue cheese
  • Baking and brewing: yeast
  • Antibiotics: penicillin
253
Q

What are the negatives of fungi?

A
  • Fungal crop parasites spoil food
  • Mold damage to homes
  • Parasites on humans, e.g. athlete’s foot
254
Q

What is mycorrhiza?

A

It is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of vascular plants.

255
Q

What do fungi get from mycorrhiza?

A

They get sugars (carbohydrates/energy) from the plants

256
Q

What do plants get from mycorrhiza?

A

They gain nutrients and water from the soil

257
Q

What are hyphae?

A

They are the long, branching filaments in the fungi underground network, collectively called the mycelium network

258
Q

What do hyphae do?

A

They search out and digest food

259
Q

Where do hyphae come from?

A

They grow from a single spore (mitosis)

260
Q

How do fungi break down food?

A

Externally; they secrete digestive enzymes onto food, then absorb the resulting small food molecules

261
Q

Describe the life cycle of fungi.

A
  • Haploid spore (n) grows into the hyphae
  • Undergoes cytoplasmic fusion
  • Now in the dikaryotic state (n + n)
  • Grows into fruiting body
    (in the cut out of the gill)
  • undergoes nuclear fusion (2n), fertilization
  • Undergoes meiosis
  • Now back to haploid (n) spore to be blown in the wind
262
Q

What are the four major events in the evolution of land plants?

A
  1. Zygote protection and waxy cuticle
  2. Vascular tissue
  3. Pollen grain and seed
  4. Fruits and flowers
263
Q

What’s the biggest difference between plants, fungi, and animals?

A

Animals: diploid dominant
Plants: alternation of diploid and haploid generations
Fungi: dikaryotic stage

264
Q

What plants are associated with the first major event in the evolution of land plants?

A

Bryophytes

265
Q

What plants are associated with the second major event in the evolution of land plants?

A

Seedless vascular plants

266
Q

What plants are associated with the third major event in the evolution of land plants?

A

Gymnosperms

267
Q

What plants are associated with the fourth major event in the evolution of land plants?

A

Angiosperms

268
Q

What plants are bryophytes?

A

Mosses

269
Q

What are the characteristics of bryophytes?

A

Short, no true leaves and no real roots; only found in moist habitats

270
Q

Why doesn’t moss grow tall?

A
  • It has no way of transporting water up and down

- It would fall over (no vascular tissue)

271
Q

Why do bryophytes need moist environments?

A

It can only sexually reproduce in water; the sperm must “swim” to the egg

272
Q

What plants are “seedless vascular plants”?

A

Ferns, horsetails, etc.

273
Q

What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • has roots
  • grows to over 30 cm
  • stem walls show channels in cross-section
274
Q

What do seedless vascular plants have in common with bryophytes?

A

Still cannot reproduce in dry environments

275
Q

What kind of plants are gymnosperms?

A

Conifers

276
Q

What are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

A
  • Seeds!
  • Pollen grains travel through the air from male to female structures and gametes meet after arrival (never exposed to air)
  • Seed allows dispersal of protected embryo (increased survival rate of offspring)
277
Q

What kind of plants are angiosperms?

A

Maples, roses, dandelions, etc.

This is by FAR the most diverse group.

278
Q

What is the point of fruit?

A

A fruit covering protects seeds and attracts animals; animals eating fruits disperse seeds in the feces

279
Q

What is the point of flowers?

A

The colours and nectar attract insect and bird pollinators who carry pollen grains along as they travel from one flower to the next, effecting pollination

280
Q

Flower parts: What’s the peener/tube part called?

A

Carpel

281
Q

Flower parts: The thing that looks like a petal but isn’t

A

Sepal

282
Q

Flower parts: What holds the stigma, style, and ovary?

A

Pistil

283
Q

Flower parts: Hole at the top of the pistil

A

Stigma

284
Q

Flower parts: Tube of the pistil

A

Style

285
Q

Flower parts: Tank of the pistil

A

Ovary

286
Q

Flower parts: Eggy bits

A

Ovule

287
Q

Flower parts: Stem of the stamen

A

Filament

288
Q

Flower parts: Pollen sack of the stamen

A

Anther

289
Q

Flower parts: Lady bits

A

The pistil

290
Q

Flower parts: man bits

A

The stamen

z Biol 011 (7 decks)

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