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Bio A-level > Unit 2 Cells Structure + Function > Flashcards

Unit 2 Cells Structure + Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by and what is it called?

A

Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope

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2
Q

What does the nuclear envelope have and what can that do?

A

The nuclear envelope has pores which allows molecules to enter and leave the nucleus.

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3
Q

What 2 other things does the nucleus contain?

A

1) Nucleolus
2) Chromatin

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4
Q

What process do the Nucleolus and Chromatin help with?

A

Ribosome production

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5
Q

Describe what the
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is like?

A

It is a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface.

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6
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

It folds and processes proteins made on the ribosomes.

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7
Q

Describe what the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is like?

A

It is a system of membrane bound sacs.

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8
Q

What does the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

It produces and processes lipids.

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9
Q

Describe what the golgi apparatus is like?

A

A series of fluid filled, flattened & curved sacs with vesicles along the edges.

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10
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

It processes and package lipids and proteins.

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11
Q

What is an extra job the golgi apparatus can do?

A

It produces lysosomes.

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12
Q

(*) What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that contains degradative enzymes.

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13
Q

Describe what a mitochondrion is like?

A

It is oval-shaped bound by a double membrane called the envelope.

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14
Q

What happens to the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

It is folded to form projections called cristae.

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15
Q

What are the purpose of cristae?

A

Cristae have matrix on the inside which contain all the enzymes needed for respiration.

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16
Q

What are centrioles?

A

They are hollow cylinders containing a ring of microtubules arranged at right angles to each other.

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17
Q

What process are centrioles important for?

A

Cell Division

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18
Q

Which organelle is the site of protein production?

A

Ribosomes

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19
Q

3 things the cytoskeleton of the cell does?

A

1) Mechanical strength
2) Aiding the transport within cells
3) Enabling cell movement

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20
Q

Where are proteins produced?

A

Proteins are produced on ribosomes.

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21
Q

What is the 1st step of protein transportation
around the cell?

A

1) The proteins are produced on the ribosomes.

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22
Q

What is the 2nd step of protein transportation around the cell?

A

2) The proteins are produced on the surface of the RER and are folded and processed in the RER.

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23
Q

What is the 3rd step of the protein transportation around the cell?

A

The proteins are then modified in the Golgi apparatus.

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24
Q

What is the 4th step of the protein transportation around the cell?

A

The proteins are further processed within the golgi apparatus

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25
Q

What is the 5th step of the protein transportation around the cell?

A

The proteins are transported to the cell surface membrane in vesicles.

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26
Q

What is the 6th step of the protein transportation around the cell?

A

These vesicles are then further fused with the cell surface membranes to release the proteins.

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27
Q

How do extremely large molecules pass through the nucleus?

A

They pass through the nuclear pores.

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28
Q

How are the RER and the Outer nuclear membrane linked?

A

The Outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the connection of the RER.

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29
Q

Describe the Nucleoplasm?

A

The nucleoplasm is an aqueous, jelly-like substance within the nucleus.

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30
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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31
Q

What does the Nucleolus create?

A

The Nucleolus creates rRNA and ribosomes

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32
Q

How does the nucleus control the cell?

A

The nucleus contains the genetic material which codes and has the instructions for proteins via protein synthesis.

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33
Q

What does the DNA in the nucleus produce during transcription?

A

mRNA

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34
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

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35
Q

What does the matrix within mitochondria mean?

A

The matrix within mitochondria means the jelly-like, aqueous substance.

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36
Q

The mitochondria is the site of which type of respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration

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37
Q

How do cristae help the mitochondria?

A

Cristae increase the Surface Area for attachment of respiratory proteins.

38
Q

What 2 things are ribosomes made form?

A

rRNA and proteins.

39
Q

What are the 2 subunits within ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A

60S subunit and 40S subunits which make 80S

40
Q

What are the 2 subunits within ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

50S subunits and 30S subunits which makes 70S

41
Q

What happens between mRNA and tRNA during translation?

A

mRNA and tRNA polymerise amino acids to form polypeptide chains.

42
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus made made up of?

A

Stacks of cisternae with small structures called vesicles.

43
Q

What is the name of the process that allows vesicles to deliver substances out and within the cell?

A

Exocytosis

44
Q

What substance do lysosymes hydrolyse?

A

Lysosymes hydrolyse pathogens.

45
Q

What is autolysis?

A

Lysosymes hydrolysing old cells, organelles.

46
Q

What type of membrane does the SER consist of?

A

SER has a single membrane

47
Q

What type of membrane does the RER consist of?

A

RER has a single membrane

48
Q

What type of membrane does the eukaryotic organisms have?

A

Eukaryotic organisms have a double membrane

49
Q

What is the cell membrane of the cell consist of mostly ?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

50
Q

How does cholesterol help the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol helps to provide structural support as well as act as a glue between phospholipid molecules.

51
Q

What can excess cholesterol do to the cell membrane?

A

Excess Cholesterol can increase the rigidity of the cell membrane leading to increased pressure within the cell.

52
Q

What can minimal cholesterol do to the cell membrane?

A

Minimal cholesterol can loosen the structural support between the phospholipid molecules and the cell membrane so it can degrade

53
Q

What structure does the phospholipid heads along the double membrane form?

A

The phospholipid bilayer

54
Q

What is the name for external proteins on the cell membrane?

A

Integral proteins

55
Q

What is the name for internal proteins within the cell membrane?

A

Peripheral proteins

56
Q

What is the importance of substance being able to travel through the cell membrane?

A

It allows the maintenance of a concentration gradient.

57
Q

Name 3 other molecules that involved within the cell membrane?

A

Glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates

58
Q

What type of membrane do chloroplasts have?

A

They have a double membrane called the envelope.

59
Q

What is the stroma within the chloroplasts?

A

The Stroma is the aqueous, jelly-like substance filled within the chloroplasts.

60
Q

What are Thylakoids?

A

Thylakoids contain chlorophyll in the shape of stacks called grana

61
Q

How specifically are the grana within the thylakoids connected to the chloroplasts?

A

The grana within the thylakoids are connected to the chloroplasts by integral lamellae

62
Q

What is the cell wall of a plant made up of?

A

Plant cell wall is made up of a polysaccharide lattice of microfibrils which in turn make up cellulose.

63
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?

A

Fungal cell walls are made up of a polysaccharide latice of microfibrils made up of chitin.

64
Q

What is the middle lamella within the mitochondrion help with?

A

Adhesion with adjacent cells

65
Q

What is the main function of the cell wall?

A

Helps aid mechanical strength to the cell

66
Q

What can the cell wall prevent? (2 things)

A

Cell bursting under osmotic pressure and prevents plant from collapsing due to its own weight

67
Q

What is the feature that the cell wall contains that allows substances to exit and enter?

A

It has a free permeability

68
Q

What process and how does free permeability help with the movement of substances within the cell wall?

A

Transpiration in plants where water and other substances can easily pass through the cell wall

69
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

A large fluid filled sac that stores mineral ions, starch, glucose, proteins, lipids and amino acids

70
Q

What is one use of the vacuole?

A

Temporary food storage

71
Q

What is the main function of the vacuole?

A

Supports the cell by pushing against the cell wall which allows a stable osmotic pressure to occur.

72
Q

When there is a high osmotic pressure in the cell of a plant what is it called?

A

Turgidity

73
Q

What does the structure of a virus consist of?

A

Attachment proteins
Lipid Envelope
Nucleic Acids
Protein coat

74
Q

What is the name of the protein coat in a virus called?

A

A Capsid

75
Q

What are the 2 types of Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA or RNA

76
Q

What are the Nucleic Acids in Viruses used for?

A

Nucleic Acids are used for transfer and replicating their genetic material into other hosts

77
Q

What type of Virus is HIV?

A

It is a retrovirus which replicates its DNA by remaking it in the host cell

78
Q

What are attachment proteins?

A

Attachment proteins are on the surface of Viruses to help bind to host cells so they can inject their nucleic acids into them

79
Q

What does the immune system detect the Attachment proteins as?

A

The immune system releases white blood cells to detect them as foreign particles and antigens.

80
Q

(E*) How does the Virus transfer its RNA into our DNA?

A

Our DNA is captured by the Virus
The Viral RNA is duplicated and made into a double strand of DNA.
This fake DNA is injected back into the cells

81
Q

What are organelles like in bacterium’s?

A

The organelles are found as non-membrane bound organelles

82
Q

What is the organelle that enables the bacterium to move through different mediums?

A

Flagella or Flagellum

83
Q

What does the plasmid do?

A

It provides genetic variation between other bacteriums in the bacteria colony

84
Q

How are the genetic material within a bacterium contained?

A

They are free floating single loop DNA within the cytoplasm

85
Q

What does a slime capsule allow the bacterium to do?

A

The slime capsule allows the bacterium to attach to its external environment

86
Q

What are pili in terms of the bacterium?

A

Pili are use to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation

87
Q

What are fimbriae in terms of bacteria?

A

Fimbriae are used to allow the bacteria to attach to the host cell

88
Q

Give an example of one trait that is passed via plasmid transfer through a bacteria colony?

A

The plasmid transfer on antibiotic resistance can be passed through a bacteria colony

89
Q

What is the process by which bacteria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

90
Q

What organelles are involved in the process of binary fission?

A

The single loop of DNA and the plasmids

91
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Cells specialised to perform specific functions with similar structures

Bio A-level (16 decks)

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