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Bio A-level > Unit 1 Biological Molecules (Monomers & Polymers & Carbohydrates) > Flashcards

Unit 1 Biological Molecules (Monomers & Polymers & Carbohydrates) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definitions for a monomer?

A

A monomer is a single subunit of life.

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are complex molecules formed by combining monomers using covalent bonds.

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3
Q

Explain what the condensation process is?

A

The condensation process is the formation of larger biological molecules from smaller molecules.

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4
Q

What are polymers also known as ?

A

Larger biological molecules

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5
Q

What are monomers also known as?

A

Smaller biological molecules

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6
Q

What is the byproduct of the condensation process?

A

The byprouct of the condensation process is water.

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7
Q

Give an example of how the condensation process happens in an organism?

A

1) An organism eats carbohydrates.
2) Carbohydrates are broken down into smaller biological molecules (sugars).
3) These sugars are used by the body to complete the 7 life processes.
So the organism survives.

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8
Q

What is the product of condensation of amino acids?

A

Proteins and water

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9
Q

What is the product of condensation of many disaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides and water

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10
Q

What is the product of condensation of fatty acids?

A

Monoglycerides and water

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11
Q

Explain what the hydrolysis process is?

A

Hydrolysis is the break down of larger biological molecules into smaller biological molecules.

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12
Q

Where do the smaller biological travel to in the body?

A

The smaller biological travels into the cells.

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13
Q

What 2 ways do the biological molecules travel into the cells?

A

1) They travel through protein channels
2) They diffuse into the cells.

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14
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates made from?

A

Carbohydrates are made from monosaccharides.

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16
Q

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?

A

Monosaccharides contain 3-7 carbon atoms.

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17
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides?

A

Fructose, glucose and galactose

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18
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

Glucose is a hexose sugar

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19
Q

Why is glucose important?

A

It is an important source of energy.

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20
Q

What is the relation between glucose and cellular respiration?

A

During cellular respiration energy is released from glucose.

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21
Q

During cellular respiration the energy released from glucose is made into what?

A

The energy released from glucose is made into ATP.

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22
Q

*What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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23
Q

*What does ATP do?

A

ATP is used by cells as a source of fuel to complete the 7 life processes in order for the organism to survive.

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24
Q

What are the 2 seperate types of glucose called?

A

Alpha- Glucose and Beta- glucose

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25
Q

Alpha and beta glucose are both known as what term?

A

Alpha- and Beta- glucose are both isomers.

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26
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within a space.

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27
Q

How are carbon atoms numbered ?

A

Carbon atoms are numbered from 1-6

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28
Q

What is the change between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha- and Beta- glucose both have the hydroxyl group in a different orrientation around Carbon 1.

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula of a hydroxyl group?

A

Hydroxyl group is an -OH

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30
Q

What is 2(glucose) equal to?

A

Maltose

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31
Q

What is 2(fructose) equal to?

A

Sucrose

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32
Q

What is 2(galactose) equal to?

A

Lactose

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33
Q

What does lactose intolerance mean?

A

A person who is unable to digest lactose in their body.

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34
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

3 or more monosaccharides joined together.

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35
Q

What are the name of the bonds monosaccharides joined together by to form a polysaccharide?

A

The monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds.

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36
Q

What are the 2 ways that a polysaccharide chain can be?

A

Branched or unbranched chain

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37
Q

What are 4 types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, cellulose, chitin and glycogen

38
Q

What type of sugars are monosaccharides?

A

They are reducing sugars

39
Q

What type of sugars are SOME disaccharides?

A

Some disaccharides are non-reducing sugars.

40
Q

Benedicts solution tests for what?

A

Benedicts solution tests for glucose prescence?

41
Q

Benedicts solution tests for what type of sugars?

A

Benedicts solution tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars.

42
Q

Positive or negative results shown by reducing sugars during Benedicts Test?

A

Reducing sugars show a Positive Benedicts Result.

43
Q

Positive or Negative results shown by non-reducing sugars during Benedicts Test?

A

Non-reducing sugars show a Negative Benedicts Result.

44
Q

What are the steps in Benedicts Test 1?

A

1) Place 2ml of a substance in a boiling tube.
2) Add 10 drops of Benedicts solution.
3) Place the boiling tube within a boiling water bath for 3-5 minutes.

45
Q

What form should the substance be in when in the boiling tube?
(Benedicts Test)

A

The substance should be in liquid form within the boiling tube for Benendicts Test

46
Q

What does the results of a blue solution in Benedicts Test mean?

A

Blue solution = negative Result so no reducing sugar

47
Q

What does the results of a green/yellow precipitate mean in Benedicts Test?

A

Green/yellow = Low concentration of reducign sugars

48
Q

What does the results of an orange/red precipiatate mean in a Benedicts Test mean?

A

Orange/red = Mid concentration of reducing sugars

49
Q

What does the results of a brick-red precipitate mean in a Benedicts Test mean?

A

Brick-red = High concentration of reducing sugars

50
Q

What needs to happen to detect the prescence of non-reducing sugars?

A

A Benedicts Test 2 needs to happen to detect the prescence non-reducing sugars.

51
Q

Name one type of non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

52
Q

Describe the Benedicts Test 2 process?

A

1) Boil the substance in Dilute HCl.
2) Neutralise the solution by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate.
3) Follow the Benedicts Test 1 Steps

53
Q

Why in the Benedicts Test 2 is the substance boiled in HCl?

A

So that the non-reducing sugars in the substance are hydrolysed.

54
Q

What are 2 main facts about starch?

A

Starch is a polysaccharide
Starch is a common storage compound

55
Q

What is starch broken down into?

A

Glucose

56
Q

What are the organisms that break down starch into glucose for energy?

A

Plants

57
Q

What are 2 other organisms that use starch as a source of food?

A

Humans, animals

58
Q

If starch is with water what about the starch doesn’t change?

A

The water potential of starch doesn’t change.

59
Q

Why does the water potential of starch not change?

A

The water potential of starch doesn’t change because it is insoluble in water.

60
Q

What is the name of the test for prescence of starch?

A

The Iodine Test

61
Q

How is the iodine solution made for the iodine test?

A

It is made by mixing iodine and a solution of pottassium iodide.

62
Q

Explain the steps in which the Iodine Test is carried out?

A

1) Place a sample into a spotting tile or boiling tube.
2) Add few drops of iodine and observe the colour change.

63
Q

If the iodine test is negative then what colour is the precipitate?

A

The iodine test preipitate is negative if the precitate remains orange.

64
Q

If the iodine test is positive what colour is the precipitate?

A

The precipitate change from orange = blue-black

65
Q

What are the names of the types of the starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

66
Q

What is the difference in chains between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose = Unbranched
Amylopectin = Branched

67
Q

What is the difference in the uses of Amylose and Amylopectin?

A

Amylose = Good for energy storage
Amylopectin = Good for quick energy release

68
Q

Where is starch stored in plants?

A

The seeds

69
Q

What is formed from the condensation reactions of Alpha- glucose?

A

Glycogen

70
Q

What is the main energy storage material in animals?

A

Glycogen

71
Q

What is a single property of Glycogen that is useful?

A

Glycogen is a highly branched molecule.

72
Q

Why glycogen useful beacuse it is highly branched?

A

If glycogen is highly branched then it is able to release energy quickly.

73
Q

If glycogen is compact why is it also useful?

A

If Glycogen is compact then it becoes a goood storage molecule.

74
Q

What is the relevant link between glycogen and blood glucose levels?

A

When blood glucose levels decrease then glycogen is broken down to release glucose.

75
Q

What is the process called when glycogen breaks down to release glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

76
Q

What is cellulose used for in plants

A

Cellulose is a major component on cell walls in plants.

77
Q

Cellulose is a long chain made up of what molecule?

A

Beta- Glucose

77
Q

Describe how beta-glucose molecules can create cellulose?

A

Beta- glucose molecules are joined together by glycosidic bonds to form long, linear and unbranched chains of cellulose

78
Q

What are Microfibrils?

A

Microfibrils are strong fibres made up of cellulose chains.

79
Q

What are the cellulose chains in microfibrils held by?

A

Microfibrils made up of cellulose chains are held together by hydrogen bonds.

80
Q

How do microfibrils help plant cell walls?

A

Cell walls can offer structural support due to the strength of the microfibril fibre.

81
Q

Link between Cellulose and the human digestive enzymes?

A

Cellulose cannot be broken down by the human digestive enymes.

82
Q

Other than Amylose being long and unbranched what other property allows it to be good for storage?

A

Amylose has a helical shape which helps it to be ideal for storage.

83
Q

(E*)How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different?

A

1) Glycogen is a branched structure that forms coils.
Cellulose is a straight chain.

84
Q

(E*) How are the structural bonds of cellulose and glycogen different?

A

2) Glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose only has 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

85
Q

(E*) How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different in relation to monomers?

A

3) Cellulose is a polymer made from beta-glucose monomers.
Glycogen is a polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers.

86
Q

(E*) How does Glycogen act as an energy source?

A

1) Glycogen can be hydrolysed to glucose.

87
Q

(E*) How does Glycogen act as an energy source?

A

2) The glucose could be used to release energy through the process of respiration.

88
Q

(E*) Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants? (water)

A

1) Starch is insoluble in water so it can be stored without affecting the cell’s water potential.

89
Q

(E*) Explain what feature of starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants?

A

2) Starch is helical in shape so that makes it compact for storage.

90
Q

(E*) Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants?

A

3) Starch is a large molecule so it is unable to leave the cell.

91
Q

(E*) Why is it impossible for humans to break down cellulose?

A

Human enzymes cannot break down the 1-4 beta-glucose glycosidic linkage in cellulose beacuse it requires a special enzyme to be broken down.(This enzyme is not present in humans)

Bio A-level (16 decks)

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