Unit 1 Biological Molecules (Monomers & Polymers & Carbohydrates)

Question 1

What is the definitions for a monomer?

Answer 1

A monomer is a single subunit of life.

Question 2

What is a polymer?

Answer 2

Polymers are complex molecules formed by combining monomers using covalent bonds.

Question 3

Explain what the condensation process is?

Answer 3

The condensation process is the formation of larger biological molecules from smaller molecules.

Question 4

What are polymers also known as ?

Answer 4

Larger biological molecules

Question 5

What are monomers also known as?

Answer 5

Smaller biological molecules

Question 6

What is the byproduct of the condensation process?

Answer 6

The byprouct of the condensation process is water.

Question 7

Give an example of how the condensation process happens in an organism?

Answer 7

1) An organism eats carbohydrates.
2) Carbohydrates are broken down into smaller biological molecules (sugars).
3) These sugars are used by the body to complete the 7 life processes.
So the organism survives.

Question 8

What is the product of condensation of amino acids?

Answer 8

Proteins and water

Question 9

What is the product of condensation of many disaccharides?

Answer 9

Polysaccharides and water

Question 10

What is the product of condensation of fatty acids?

Answer 10

Monoglycerides and water

Question 11

Explain what the hydrolysis process is?

Answer 11

Hydrolysis is the break down of larger biological molecules into smaller biological molecules.

Question 12

Where do the smaller biological travel to in the body?

Answer 12

The smaller biological travels into the cells.

Question 13

What 2 ways do the biological molecules travel into the cells?

Answer 13

1) They travel through protein channels
2) They diffuse into the cells.

Question 14

What elements are carbohydrates made up of?

Answer 14

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 15

What are carbohydrates made from?

Answer 15

Carbohydrates are made from monosaccharides.

Question 16

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides contain?

Answer 16

Monosaccharides contain 3-7 carbon atoms.

Question 17

Name 3 monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Fructose, glucose and galactose

Question 18

What type of sugar is glucose?

Answer 18

Glucose is a hexose sugar

Question 19

Why is glucose important?

Answer 19

It is an important source of energy.

Question 20

What is the relation between glucose and cellular respiration?

Answer 20

During cellular respiration energy is released from glucose.

Question 21

During cellular respiration the energy released from glucose is made into what?

Answer 21

The energy released from glucose is made into ATP.

Question 22

*What does ATP stand for?

Answer 22

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 23

*What does ATP do?

Answer 23

ATP is used by cells as a source of fuel to complete the 7 life processes in order for the organism to survive.

Question 24

What are the 2 seperate types of glucose called?

Answer 24

Alpha- Glucose and Beta- glucose

Question 25

Alpha and beta glucose are both known as what term?

Answer 25

Alpha- and Beta- glucose are both isomers.

Question 26

What are isomers?

Answer 26

Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within a space.

Question 27

How are carbon atoms numbered ?

Answer 27

Carbon atoms are numbered from 1-6

Question 28

What is the change between alpha and beta glucose?

Answer 28

Alpha- and Beta- glucose both have the hydroxyl group in a different orrientation around Carbon 1.

Question 29

What is the chemical formula of a hydroxyl group?

Answer 29

Hydroxyl group is an -OH

Question 30

What is 2(glucose) equal to?

Answer 30

Maltose

Question 31

What is 2(fructose) equal to?

Answer 31

Sucrose

Question 32

What is 2(galactose) equal to?

Answer 32

Lactose

Question 33

What does lactose intolerance mean?

Answer 33

A person who is unable to digest lactose in their body.

Question 34

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 34

3 or more monosaccharides joined together.

Question 35

What are the name of the bonds monosaccharides joined together by to form a polysaccharide?

Answer 35

The monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds.

Question 36

What are the 2 ways that a polysaccharide chain can be?

Answer 36

Branched or unbranched chain

Question 37

What are 4 types of polysaccharides?

Answer 37

Starch, cellulose, chitin and glycogen

Question 38

What type of sugars are monosaccharides?

Answer 38

They are reducing sugars

Question 39

What type of sugars are SOME disaccharides?

Answer 39

Some disaccharides are non-reducing sugars.

Question 40

Benedicts solution tests for what?

Answer 40

Benedicts solution tests for glucose prescence?

Question 41

Benedicts solution tests for what type of sugars?

Answer 41

Benedicts solution tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars.

Question 42

Positive or negative results shown by reducing sugars during Benedicts Test?

Answer 42

Reducing sugars show a Positive Benedicts Result.

Question 43

Positive or Negative results shown by non-reducing sugars during Benedicts Test?

Answer 43

Non-reducing sugars show a Negative Benedicts Result.

Question 44

What are the steps in Benedicts Test 1?

Answer 44

1) Place 2ml of a substance in a boiling tube. 2) Add 10 drops of Benedicts solution. 3) Place the boiling tube within a boiling water bath for 3-5 minutes.

Question 45

What form should the substance be in when in the boiling tube? (Benedicts Test)

Answer 45

The substance should be in liquid form within the boiling tube for Benendicts Test

Question 46

What does the results of a blue solution in Benedicts Test mean?

Answer 46

Blue solution = negative Result so no reducing sugar

Question 47

What does the results of a green/yellow precipitate mean in Benedicts Test?

Answer 47

Green/yellow = Low concentration of reducign sugars

Question 48

What does the results of an orange/red precipiatate mean in a Benedicts Test mean?

Answer 48

Orange/red = Mid concentration of reducing sugars

Question 49

What does the results of a brick-red precipitate mean in a Benedicts Test mean?

Answer 49

Brick-red = High concentration of reducing sugars

Question 50

What needs to happen to detect the prescence of non-reducing sugars?

Answer 50

A Benedicts Test 2 needs to happen to detect the prescence non-reducing sugars.

Question 51

Name one type of non-reducing sugar?

Answer 51

Sucrose

Question 52

Describe the Benedicts Test 2 process?

Answer 52

1) Boil the substance in Dilute HCl. 2) Neutralise the solution by adding sodium hydrogen carbonate. 3) Follow the Benedicts Test 1 Steps

Question 53

Why in the Benedicts Test 2 is the substance boiled in HCl?

Answer 53

So that the non-reducing sugars in the substance are hydrolysed.

Question 54

What are 2 main facts about starch?

Answer 54

Starch is a polysaccharide Starch is a common storage compound

Question 55

What is starch broken down into?

Answer 55

Glucose

Question 56

What are the organisms that break down starch into glucose for energy?

Answer 56

Plants

Question 57

What are 2 other organisms that use starch as a source of food?

Answer 57

Humans, animals

Question 58

If starch is with water what about the starch doesn't change?

Answer 58

The water potential of starch doesn't change.

Question 59

Why does the water potential of starch not change?

Answer 59

The water potential of starch doesn't change because it is insoluble in water.

Question 60

What is the name of the test for prescence of starch?

Answer 60

The Iodine Test

Question 61

How is the iodine solution made for the iodine test?

Answer 61

It is made by mixing iodine and a solution of pottassium iodide.

Question 62

Explain the steps in which the Iodine Test is carried out?

Answer 62

1) Place a sample into a spotting tile or boiling tube. 2) Add few drops of iodine and observe the colour change.

Question 63

If the iodine test is negative then what colour is the precipitate?

Answer 63

The iodine test preipitate is negative if the precitate remains orange.

Question 64

If the iodine test is positive what colour is the precipitate?

Answer 64

The precipitate change from orange = blue-black

Question 65

What are the names of the types of the starch?

Answer 65

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 66

What is the difference in chains between amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 66

Amylose = Unbranched Amylopectin = Branched

Question 67

What is the difference in the uses of Amylose and Amylopectin?

Answer 67

Amylose = Good for energy storage Amylopectin = Good for quick energy release

Question 68

Where is starch stored in plants?

Answer 68

The seeds

Question 69

What is formed from the condensation reactions of Alpha- glucose?

Answer 69

Glycogen

Question 70

What is the main energy storage material in animals?

Answer 70

Glycogen

Question 71

What is a single property of Glycogen that is useful?

Answer 71

Glycogen is a highly branched molecule.

Question 72

Why glycogen useful beacuse it is highly branched?

Answer 72

If glycogen is highly branched then it is able to release energy quickly.

Question 73

If glycogen is compact why is it also useful?

Answer 73

If Glycogen is compact then it becoes a goood storage molecule.

Question 74

What is the relevant link between glycogen and blood glucose levels?

Answer 74

When blood glucose levels decrease then glycogen is broken down to release glucose.

Question 75

What is the process called when glycogen breaks down to release glucose?

Answer 75

Glycogenolysis

Question 76

What is cellulose used for in plants

Answer 76

Cellulose is a major component on cell walls in plants.

Question 77

Cellulose is a long chain made up of what molecule?

Answer 77

Beta- Glucose

Question 77

Describe how beta-glucose molecules can create cellulose?

Answer 77

Beta- glucose molecules are joined together by glycosidic bonds to form long, linear and unbranched chains of cellulose

Question 78

What are Microfibrils?

Answer 78

Microfibrils are strong fibres made up of cellulose chains.

Question 79

What are the cellulose chains in microfibrils held by?

Answer 79

Microfibrils made up of cellulose chains are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Question 80

How do microfibrils help plant cell walls?

Answer 80

Cell walls can offer structural support due to the strength of the microfibril fibre.

Question 81

Link between Cellulose and the human digestive enzymes?

Answer 81

Cellulose cannot be broken down by the human digestive enymes.

Question 82

Other than Amylose being long and unbranched what other property allows it to be good for storage?

Answer 82

Amylose has a helical shape which helps it to be ideal for storage.

Question 83

(E*)How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different?

Answer 83

1) Glycogen is a branched structure that forms coils. Cellulose is a straight chain.

Question 84

(E*) How are the structural bonds of cellulose and glycogen different?

Answer 84

2) Glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose only has 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

Question 85

(E*) How are the structures of cellulose and glycogen different in relation to monomers?

Answer 85

3) Cellulose is a polymer made from beta-glucose monomers. Glycogen is a polymer made from alpha-glucose monomers.

Question 86

(E*) How does Glycogen act as an energy source?

Answer 86

1) Glycogen can be hydrolysed to glucose.

Question 87

(E*) How does Glycogen act as an energy source?

Answer 87

2) The glucose could be used to release energy through the process of respiration.

Question 88

(E*) Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants? (water)

Answer 88

1) Starch is insoluble in water so it can be stored without affecting the cell's water potential.

Question 89

(E*) Explain what feature of starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants?

Answer 89

2) Starch is helical in shape so that makes it compact for storage.

Question 90

(E*) Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants?

Answer 90

3) Starch is a large molecule so it is unable to leave the cell.

Question 91

(E*) Why is it impossible for humans to break down cellulose?

Answer 91

Human enzymes cannot break down the 1-4 beta-glucose glycosidic linkage in cellulose beacuse it requires a special enzyme to be broken down.(This enzyme is not present in humans)