Unit 2 - Cells and Biochemesrty Flashcards
Polymer
Many repeated units (plane)
Monomer
One unit, not small (train)
Carbohydrates
Basic unit: monosaccharide
Example: starch
Lipids
Basic unit: fatty acid, short polar head + long non-polar tail
Example: cell membrane
Nucleic acids
Basic unit: nucleotide
Example: DNA
Proteins
Basic unit: amino acid
Example: hemoglobin
Reactant
Chemicals that are reacting
Product
Chemicals that are the result of a chemical reaction
Activation energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalyst
Something that assists a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy but is not used up
Enzyme
A catalyst made of protein
Exothermic
Goes downhill (energy out)(hot)
Endothermic
Goes uphill (energy in) (cold)
Cell theory (WORD FOR WORD)
A) All living things are made up of cells
B) cells are the basic units of life
C) living cells come from other cells
Robert Hooke
1665, looked at wine cork, first to see non living cell, came up with the name “cell”
Anton con Leeuwenhoek
1670’s, First to see living cells, living microorganisms (animalcules)
Membranes
Speed up chemical reactions
Surface area to volume ratio
Surface area of a cube= (edge to edge) x 6
Volume of a cube= (edge x edge x edge)
Prokaryote
High S.A. to Vol ratio no organelles (plenty of S.A. for chemistry)
Eukaryote
Low S.A. to Vol ratio with organelles (needs surface area)
Nucleus (function and structure)
Structure:
- double layer membrane (2 separate lipid bilayers)
Function:
- store and replicate DNA
- mRNA is made
- ribosomes are made
ER (ribosomes) (function and structure)
Function:
- there are two kinds of ERs, rough, and smooth
- rough variety, makes protein
- smooth variety creates membranes
Structure:
- made of a single layer membrane folded many times
Golgi body (structure and function)
Structure:
- made
of a single layer membrane
Function:
- where proteins are manufactured by the ER for export are concentrated
Lysosome (structure and function)
Structure:
- lysosomes are constructed of a single layer membrane
Function:
- enzymes in the lysom performs several functions, although, including the destruction of worn out organelles and digestion of food particles from psypsytosis
Mitochondria (structure and function)
Structure:
- two layers, a very different membranes
- it has its own DNA
Function:
- provide the energy for recharging ATP
Chloroplast (structure and function)
Structure:
- Three membrane layers outer, inner and thylakoid
-It has its own DNA
Function:
-The thylakoid membrane is where the first part of photosynthesis occurs
-Special proteins on the grana absorb photons and use their energy to make ATP
Vacuole
Temporary animals permanent in plants
