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AP Bio > Unit 2: Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Protists, fungi, plants, animals, (everything else)

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4
Q

Prokaryote Characteristics

A

“before” “kernel” protype (pro) before nucleus - karyote (kernel)

Super fragile. NO nucleus

DNA stored in nucleoid (rough collection of nucleus but does not have own memberane)

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5
Q

Prokaryote Characteristics

A

DNA could be next to anything
Loose pile of jelly has everything everywhere (Cytosol)

No organelles other than
ribosomes

CANNOT Compartmentalize:
disorganized

Small size & ancient
(ex: mostly Bacteria & Archaea)

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6
Q

Eukaryote Characteristics

A

“true” “kernel”
Has nucleus & nuclear envelope

Cytosol (fluid in cell membrane)

Membrane-bound organelles
w/ Specialized
Structure/Function

Much larger in size
More complex/organized + CAN COMPARTMENTALIZE (hold chemicals in diff places)
(ex: plant/animal cell)

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7
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm ; composed of an outer and an inner phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

What is the difference between nuclear envelope & cell membrane?

A

cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm & organelles is a lipid bilayer

Nuclear membrane encloses the nucleus & made up of double lipid bilayer

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9
Q

Surface Area

A

WANT LARGE SA
Cells must be HAVE LARGE SA to maintain a LARGE Surface Area to Volume RATIO

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10
Q

Why is it important to have high SA to Volume ratio?

A

Large S.A. allows ↑ rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment, HIGHER RATES of Diffusion of oxygen/materials in & waste out

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11
Q

Example of Surface Area

A

Crushed ice = melts rly quickly bc HIGH SA, dries more quickly & loses temp fast (absorbs heat faster)

big ice = melts slower but water = not as cold

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12
Q

How does SA increase ?

A

we chop off all cells & stick them back together to increase SA for necessary elements/chemicals to enter body (ex: oxygen)

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13
Q

Calculate SA

A

H * W * Sides of boxes * # boxes

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14
Q

Calculate Volume

A

L * W * H * # boxes

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15
Q

Calculate SA to Volume Ratio

A

SA / Volume

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16
Q

SA example in Animal - Small Intestine

A

highly folded surface to increase
absorption of nutrients

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17
Q

Villi

A

finger-like projections on Small Intestine wall

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18
Q

Microvilli

A

projections on each cell (fingers of fingers) super tiny

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19
Q

Order of small -> large SA examples

A

microvilli, villi, folds

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20
Q

SA example Plant

A

Root hairs - extensions of root epidermal cells;
increase SA for absorbing water & minerals

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

Control Center of cell
Contains DNA (& mRNA) + instructions
Surrounded by Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Continuous with the rough ER (connected by nuclear envelope)

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22
Q

Nuclear pores

A

control what enters/leaves nucleus (holes)

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23
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of DNA + proteins; makes up
chromosomes (loose pile of DNA)

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

region where ribosomal subunits (rRNA + proteins)
are formed

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25
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins ( protein synthesis)
Composed of rRNA + protein
Large subunit + small subunit

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26
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

float in cytosol, produce proteins used
within cell

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27
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

attached to ROUGH ER, make proteins for
export from cell

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28
Q

Endomembrane System

A

(Inside) Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic functions
all membranes/organelles

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29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Network of membranes and sacs
Rough & Smooth

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30
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes on SURFACE (covered in ribosomes = rough)

Packages proteins for secretion(export), send
transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane

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31
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes on surface = smooth

Synthesizes lipids, metabolize carbs,
detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+ (calcium ion)

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32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging, Modifying, Synthesis of materials (small molecules) for transport in vesicles
Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
Produces lysosomes
Cis & Trans Face

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33
Q

Cis Face

A

RECEIVES Vesicles from ROUGH ER golgi side

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34
Q

Trans Face

A

ships vesicles
golgi side

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35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Lys = breaks apart

Function: Intracellular Digestion; Recycle cell’s materials

Contains hydrolytic enzymes

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36
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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37
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage for materials (food, water, minerals, pigments,
poisons)
Membrane-bound vesicles

Ex: food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles
Plants: large central vacuole: stores water, ions

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38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of Cellular Respiration

Double membrane: Inner & Outer membrane
Cristae & Matrix

Technically bacteria ate a bacteria
Makes ALL of energy for cells

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39
Q

Mitochondria Cristae

A

folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP
production; increased SA to ↑ ATP made

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40
Q

Mitochondria Matrix

A

fluid-filled inner compartment, created by cristae

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41
Q

Chloroplasts (similar to Mitochondria BUT only in PLANTS)

A

Site of photosynthesis
Double membrane
Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid encircling grana)
GRANA contains CHLOROPHYLLS (pigments) for capturing sunlight
energy

has protein that absorbs everything but green

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42
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin

Ancestor Eukaryotic cells ate (engulfed) & evolved /arose from free-living prokaryote cells

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43
Q

Endosymbiont theory EVIDENCE (might be FRQ)

A

Double-membrane structure
Have own ribosomes
Have own DNA
Reproduce independently w/ in cell

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44
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down fatty acids; detox alcohol

Involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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45
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of Protein Fibers

Support, Motility(cell movement), Regulate biochemical
activities

Support & Structure for cells

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46
Q

Centrosomes

A

microtubule (part of skeleton) organizing center. where microtubules grow
Animal cells contain centrioles

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47
Q

Centrioles

A

an organelle inside animal cells that are made of microtubules & are involved in cilia, flagella & cell division; helps organize microtubules for skeleton structure

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48
Q

Microtubules (cytoskeleton)

A

(Tubulin Polymers) Hollow tubes
Maintains cell shape, cell-movement in cell division, organelle movements

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49
Q

Microfilaments (cytoskeleton)

A

(Actin Filaments) 2 intertwined strands of Actin
Maintains cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming (plant cells), cell motility, cell division (animals cells)

50
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Fibrous proteins coiled into cables
Maintains cell shape, anchorage of nucleus, creates nuclear lamina

51
Q

Flagella

A

long hairlike structures + few; propel through water from cell membrane (tail ex: sperm) used to move entire cell

52
Q

Cilia

A

small hairlike structure on outside of Eukaryote cells
Short & Many; locomotion or move fluids
Have “9+2 pattern” of microtubules, moves faster than flagella

53
Q

Plant cells

A

Have Cell wall, Cellulose, Plasmodesmata:

54
Q

Cell wall

A

Protect plant,
Maintain shape
Composed of cellulose

55
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

channels
between cells to allow passage
of molecules from cell to cell

56
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Outside plasma membrane of Animal cells
Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)
Strengthens tissues & transmits external signals to cell

57
Q

Intracellular Junctions (Animal cells)

A

Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions

58
Q

Tight Junctions

A

2 cells are fused to form watertight seal

59
Q

Desmosomes

A

“rivets” that fasten adjacent cells into strong sheets

60
Q

Gap junctions

A

channels thru which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass

61
Q

Plant cells Only

A

Central Vacuoles, chloroplasts, cell wall, plasmodesmata

62
Q

Animal Cells Only

A

Lysosomes, Centrioles, Flagella, Cilia
Desmosomes, tight & gap
junctions, Extracellular matrix (ECM)

63
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Plasma membrane is Selectively Permeable
Allows some substances to cross more easily than others
Mostly Phospholipids - hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails

64
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Phospholipid Bilayer
Fluid: membrane held together by weak interactions
Mosaic: phospholipids, proteins, carbs
ALLOWS SMALL NONPOLAR molecules to easily move thru out body - CO2 exit, O2 enter

65
Q

Early Membrane Model

A

(1935) Davson/Danielli –
Sandwich model
Assumed Phospholipid bilayer between 2 Protein layers (sandwich)
Problems: varying chemical
composition of membrane,
hydrophobic protein parts

66
Q

Freeze-Fracture method:

A

Revealed structure of membrane’s interior

67
Q

Phospholipids

A

Bilayer
AMPHIPATHIC = hydrophilic head,
hydrophobic tail

Hydrophobic barrier:
keeps Hydrophilic
molecules out (toe to toe not head to toe) - WONT let water in/let water leak out but maintain mostly water

68
Q

Membrane Fluidity (hands moving)

A

The phospholipid bilayer provides Selective permeability and Fluidity to the membrane, allowing certain nonpolar molecules to pass thru

Cholesterol helpers
Adaptations
Low Temps

69
Q

Low temps of Membrane Fluidity

A

phospholipids
w/unsaturated tails (kinks prevent
close packing)

70
Q

Adaptations for membrane fluidity

A

bacteria in hot springs (unusual lipids); winter wheat (unsaturated phospholipids)

71
Q

How does Cholesterol affect Membrane Fluidity?

A

(Stabilizes membrane) Resists Changes by:
LIMIT fluidity at HIGH temps (molecules move fast)
HINDER close packing at LOW
temps (not getting too lose/tight)

Ex: moving hands, but even if slowly moving & packed, molecules can somehow get thru but less often

72
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Integral & Peripheral

73
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Embedded in membrane
Determined by Freeze Fracture
Transmembrane w/ hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails

74
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Extracellular/Cytoplasmic Sides of membrane
NOT embedded
Held in place by the Cytoskeleton or ECM
Provides stronger framework

75
Q

Transmembrane Protein Structure

A

Hydrophilic ends, Hydrophobic interior

76
Q

Functions of Membrane Proteins

A

Transport, Enzymatic Activity, Signal Transduction, Cell-Cell Recognition, Intercellular joining, Attachment to cytoskeleton & Cellular Matrix

77
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Cell-cell recognition; Develops organisms
Glycolipids, Glycoproteins

78
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Small molecules (Polar or Nonpolar) cross easily (hydrocarbons,
hydrophobic molecules, CO2, O2)
*Nonpolar Small = EASY to get in
Hydrophobic core PREVENTS passage of ions, LARGE POLAR molecules

79
Q

Passive Transport

A

NO ENERGY (ATP) needed!
Diffusion down concentration gradient (high → low
concentration)
Molecules move to diff sides of membrane until reach Equilibrium
Ex: hydrocarbons, CO2, O2, H2O

80
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of Water
From HIGH concentration to LOW concentration
Water able to fight off gravity to push itself to area w/ HIGH concentration of SOLUTE to reach Equilibrium

81
Q

External Environments can be… to internal environments of cell

A

Hypotonic, Isotonic or
Hypertonic

82
Q

Hypotonic solution like Hippo

A

Too much water
Animal cell - Lysed ( bursts open too watery)
Plant cell - Turgid (normal)

83
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Normal
Animal Cell - Normal (Equilibrium of water moving IN & OUT at same time)
Plant Cell - Flaccid (floppy plant)

84
Q

Hypertonic

A

Not Enough water
Animal cell - shriveled
Plant cell - Plasmolyzed (water sucked out)

85
Q

Water Potential Equation

A

H2O moves from high ψ →low ψ potential
Water potential equation:
ψ = ψS + ψP

86
Q

Water potential (ψ)

A

free energy of water

87
Q

Solute potential (ψS)

A

solute concentration (osmotic potential)

88
Q

Pressure potential (ψP)

A

physical pressure on solution; turgor pressure (plants) - always given

Pure water: ψP = 0 MPa
Plant cells: ψP = 1 MPa

89
Q

Calculating Solute Potential (ψS)

A

ψS = - NEGATIVE iCRT
i = Ionization constant (# particles made in water)
C = Molar concentration (given) - more salt = more concentrated & negative
R = Pressure constant (0.0831 liter bars/mole-K)
T = temperature in K (273 + 0C)

90
Q

Adding Solute to concentration does what?

A

The addition of Solute to water LOWERS the Solute Potential (MORE NEGATIVE) & DECREASES the Water Potential.

Ex: add salt (solute) to water = less water & more negative

91
Q

Where will WATER move?

A

From an area of: higher ψ → lower ψ (more negative ψ)
Low solute concentration (more water) → High solute concentration (less water)
High pressure → Low pressure

92
Q

Calculate the solute potential of a 0.1M NaCl solution at 25°C.

A

ψS = - iCRT
NA CL = 2 ions
= -2 (0.1) (0.0831) (25+273)
=-4.953

93
Q

If the concentration of NaCl inside the plant cell is 0.15M, which way will the water diffuse if the cell is placed in the 0.1M NaCl solution?

A

Water Diffuses from the outside (0.1M less negative) to the inside (0.15 bc it is more negative)

94
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Uncontrolled & Passive
Transport proteins (channel or carrier proteins) Help Hydrophilic substances cross
Either: Provide hydrophilic channel OR Loosely bind/carry molecule across)
Ex: ions, polar molecules (H20,
glucose)

95
Q

Aquaporin

A

channel protein that allows
passage of H2O

96
Q

Glucose Transport Protein

A

Carrier Protein
Need glucose in cell but its BIG & POLAR so cant get in on own
Transport protein = big enough hole that seals itself

97
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ENERGY (ATP)
Proteins transport substances AGAINST Concentration Gradient (low -> high)
Ex: Na+/K+ pump, proton pump

98
Q

Electrogenic Pumps:

A

Generate voltage across membrane
Na+/k+ pumps, proton pumps

99
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

Pump Na+ OUT, K+ INTO cell which becomes more Negative (More NA solution intracellularly & more K extracellulary)
Nerve transmission, pumps ions AGAINST concentration gradients NEED ATP
spark/voltage across membrane (important for osmotic equilibrium)

100
Q

Proton Pump

A

Push protons (H+) across
membrane
Ex: mitochondria (ATP
production)

101
Q

Cotransport - club reference

A

Membrane Protein allows “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive “uphill” transport of other

Ex: H+ (super tiny) has to bring in 2 sugars (sucrose) w/ them to get back into cell to reach equilibrium

102
Q

Passive Transport

A

Little or NO Energy
High -> Low concentrations
DOWN the concentration
gradient
Ex: Diffusion, osmosis,
Facilitated Diffusion
(w/transport protein)

103
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires Energy (ATP)
Low -> High
concentrations
AGAINST the
concentration gradient
ex: pumps, exo/endocytosis

104
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control Solute & Water Balance
Contractile vacuole

If constantly in fresh water, osmosis = constantly try to make water enter, but pump forces out fresh water so keeps enough salt in body & has backup flusher (if not, = hypotonic & cell explodes

105
Q

Contract Vacuole

A

“bilge pump” forces out fresh water as it enters by osmosis (ex: freshwater protist)

If constantly in fresh water, osmosis = constantly try to make water enter, but pump forces out fresh water so keeps enough salt in body & has backup flusher (if not, = hypotonic & cell explodes) LOTS OF ATP/ACTIVE TRANSPORT!

106
Q

What if the freshwater protist is put into saltwater? What would happen to contract vacuole?

A

Would NOT have to work as hard/ use as MUCH ATP bc not as much water to pump out as in fresh water

107
Q

Bulk Transport

A

Transport of proteins, polysaccharides, large molecules
Endocytosis & Exocytosis

108
Q

Why is Bulk Transport important?

A

Bc LARGE cells CANNOT js go thru cell membrane bc they would break it/make a hole NEEDS HELP

109
Q

Endocytosis

A

Takes in macromolecules, Form new
vesicles, (EATING/CONSUMING) + lysosome help (has digestive enzymes which eat vesicles)
Active Transport
TYPES: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Recepter Mediated Endocytosis

110
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cellular eating” - solids

111
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cellular drinking” fluids

112
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

Ligands (like hormones) or target molecules bind to specific receptors on cell surface to get into cell/mediates endocytosis

113
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles fuse w/ cell membrane, THROWS OUT/EXPEL contents (EXPORTING/PUKING)

114
Q

Vesicles

A

filled w/ fluid they inherit from parent organelle (ex: Golgi) & are formed by pinching off other organelles when materials need to be transported OUT of the cell or between organelles W/ IN cell

115
Q

Tugor Pressure

A

Pressure from fluid in a cell which presses cell membrane against the cell wall

HIGH = stiffer, Firm plant
LOW = (loss of water) Wilted plant

116
Q

Plasmalyzed

A

water sucked out

117
Q

What is on the x axis of a graph?
What is on the y axis?

A

x = Independent variable
y = dependent

118
Q

When graphing an experiment should u use percent of total _ or total?

A

PERCENT

119
Q

If the Solute potential is rly low/negative, what does that mean?

A

Water is dried out = hypertonic

120
Q
A

AP Bio (8 decks)

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