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AP Bio > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Covalent Bond

A

when electrons in atoms are shared between 2 atoms in bond

nonmetals do this = CHNOPS

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2
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

OPPOSITE CHARGES (H2O WATER)

Electrons are shared UNEQUALLY meaning one atom attracts more electrons (is NEGATIVE) & other atom is positive

EX: hydrogen has a polar covalent bond w/ OXYGEN bc oxygen is partial NEG (polar) due to it attracting the electrons, making HYDROGEN POSITIVE (nonpolar)

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3
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

EQUALLY CHARGED CH4 METHANE

Electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms in bond (NO PARTIAL CHARGES)

ex: carbon-hydrogen no partial charges (CH4 methane)

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4
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Intermolecular interaction occurs when the partial pos of H (bonded to O,N,F ex: H2O) interacts w/ the partial neg charge on a high electro neg. element = O,N,F

MADE by POLAR molecules

Ex: The partial pos charges of H in H2O create hydrogen bonds w/ the partial neg of O in another H2O molecule

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5
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

complete transfer of valence electron(s) between 2 atoms, generates two oppositely charged ions (cation & anion)
Ionic: 2 ions (+/-) bond (givers/takers) Na+Cl- Affected by environment (eg. water)
weaker than covalent
metal loses electrons to become a cation/nonmetal accepts those electrons anion

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6
Q

Water H2O

A

Polar molecule
polar covalent bonds
oxygen end = partial neg, hydrogen = partial pos
cohesive
can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds (bc O has 2 neg lone pairs & 2 pos Hydrogen atoms)

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7
Q

Methane CH4

A

Nonpolar molecule
nonpolar covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons w/ 4 hydrogens

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8
Q

Strongest Bonds

A
  1. Covalent Bond (polar & nonpolar)
  2. Ionic Bond (2 atoms share valence e- (ions) givers(metals) & takers(nonmetals) can be affected by pos/neg environ )
  3. Hydrogen bonds (polar covalent molecule) attraction only in partial charged molecules
  • when the partial pos of h is attracted to any close neg charge, bonds broken easily (temporary/weak interaction)

ex: Ammonia NH3 dissolves in water bc hydrogen bonds made when N- attracts H+ of H20

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9
Q

Nonpolar substances

A

Hydrophobic:
oyxgen (O2), nitrogen (N2), ozone (O3), lipids, wax

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10
Q

Polar substances

A

Hydrophilic:
water, salt, ammonia (NH3), sugar, hydrogen chloride (HCL)

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of same elements w/ SAME # of protons but DIFF # of neutrons = diff masses

radioactive, tracers follow molecules, med diagnosis

uncontrolled exposure = harm

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12
Q

pH

A

power of Hydrogen

-how ACIDIC (H+) / BASIC(OH-) a solution is
-water = neutral pH 7 out of 0-14

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13
Q

How to calculate pH

A

If H+ = 10^-7, then pH = 7 & OH-=10^-7

If OH- = 10^-4 then H+ = 10^-10 & pH= 10

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14
Q

Acidic Solution

A

Lots of H+ (hydrogen ions) & only a few OH-(hydroxide ions)

H+ > OH-

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15
Q

Neutral Solution

A

Equal amounts of H+ ions & OH- ions
ex: water

H+ = OH-

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16
Q

Basic Solution

A

Lots of OH- ions & only a few H+ ions

H+ < OH-

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17
Q

Buffers

A

Minimizes changes in concentration of H+ & OH- in solution

ABSORBS H+ ions if TOO ACIDIC & ADDS H+ ions if TOO BASIC

keeps blood at pH 7.4 slightly basic to survive

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18
Q

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System

A

important buffers in blood plasma
too much O2, CO2 absorbs that bc breathing gets rid of carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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19
Q

Properties of Water

A

Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion
Transpiration
Moderation of Temp. (high specific heat, thermal energy(heat)
Evaporative Cooling
Expansion Upon Freezing
Solvent of Life

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

H-bonding between LIKE (H2O) molecules (LIKES/Works well together)

Water LIKES Water

helps plants transport water from roots, contributes to waters high boiling point which helps regulate animal temp

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21
Q

Adhesion

A

H-bonding between UNLIKE molecules (STICKY)

H2O molecules form bonds w/ other POLAR substances or CHARGED molecules

adhesion of water (H2O) to vessel walls (attraction between H20 & walls of small tubes, force helps hold the water in xylem against the pull of gravity

helps transport water from roots to leaf of plant
ex: shirt sticks to u bc ur skin has polar molecules

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22
Q

Surface Tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch surface of liquid (Ex: bugs walking on water)

H-bonds of molecules right below surface of water

helps insects such as water striders walk on water

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23
Q

Transpiration

A

Movement of H2O up plants
H2O clings to each other by Cohesion (like each other) cling to xylem tubes by Adhesion (sticky)

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24
Q

High Specific Heat

A

Water takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds so more kinetic energy = ++heat

changes temp less when absorbs/loses heat
large bodies of water absorbs more heat = cooler coastal areas
create stable marine/land environ

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25
Q

Evaporation (evaporative cooling)

A

water = high heat of vaporization so can absorb lots of heat before it becomes steam

molecules w/ greatest KE leaves as gas

stable temp in lakes/ponds
cooler plants (mostly water)
human sweat (water molecules released to absorb KE & heat from body to cool down) HOMEOSTASIS

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26
Q

Solvent of Life (like dissolves like)

A

solution = liquid, homeostasis mix of 2+ substances (Ex: salt water or Ocean water)
Solvent: dissolving agent liquid (WATERRR)
Solute: dissolved substance (ex: polar: salt)
helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients ex: our blood bc it has water in it

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27
Q

Water Floats

A

-less dense when solid, water floats
-forms crystal lattice structure
-important bc oceans & lakes do not freeze solid
~insulates water below & helps marine life
~seasonal turnover of lakes

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28
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Affinity (LIKES) for H20 polar, ions, cellulose, sugar, salt, blood (rly likes water), paper

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29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repel H20 (SCARED of it) non-polar oils, lipids (fats), cell membrane, wax

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30
Q

Carbon

A

major element of life: CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur)

important due to its electron configuration
bc able to make 4 stable covalent bonds (TETRA VALENCE) most frequent bonding partners = (H, O, N)

bonds can be single, double, triple covalent bonds

Tetra-valence allows them to be strung together in chains

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31
Q

Example of carbon & 4 bonds

A

Methane!!! CH4 = 4 covalent bonds, nonpolar & perfectly balanced/shared e-

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32
Q

Ethane

A

alkane - single bond (2e-)

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33
Q

Ethene

A

alkene - double bond (4e-)

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34
Q

Ethyne

A

alkyne - triple bond (6e-)

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35
Q

hydrocarbons

A

-combinations of C and H (methane)
-nonpolar
~not soluble in water
~hydrophobic
-stable
-very little attraction between molecules
-gas at room temp

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36
Q

Macromolecules

A

carbon forms large molecules w/ other elements

4 classes: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats), Nucleic Acids (mRNA, DNA)

**molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, branched = lots of diff SHAPES = lots of DIFF FUNCTIONS

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37
Q

Isomers (formed by carbon)

A

molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom arrangement ex: same atoms but one= branch & other = ring

diff structures/shapes = diff properties/functions

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38
Q

Structural (Isomer)

A

Varies in covalent arrangement

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39
Q

Cis-Trans (Isomer)

A

Varies in spatial arrangement (sides are diff)

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40
Q

Enantiomers (Isomer)

A

Mirror images of molecules (like ur hands)

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41
Q

Thalidomide

A

Originally enantiomer
good enantiomer = reduce morning sickness can convert to bad thru enzyme converting it to weird shape = diff function
bc BAD enantiomer = causes birth defects

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42
Q

Functional Groups

A

patterns of atoms, that display consistent “function” (properties and reactivity) regardless of the exact molecule they are found in
behavior of organic molecules depends on these
substitute other elements for hydrogen
involved in chemical reactions
give organic molecules distinctive properties
affect reactivity
make hydrocarbons hydrophilic
increase solubility in water

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43
Q

Hydroxyl (F Group)

A

(OH-)
hydrogen & oxygen = BASIC
POLAR-like water structure
POLAR
Alcohols
Ex: Ethanol

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44
Q

Carbonyl (F Group)

A

(>CO) C double bonded to O w/ 2 lone pairs
Ketones (inside skeleton) & aldehydes (at ends)
Ex:Acetone, Propane

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45
Q

Carboxyl (F Group)

A

(-COOH)
POLAR
Carboxylic acids, organic acids
Ex: Acetic acid

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46
Q

Amino Group (F Group)

A

(-NH2)
Amines
Ex: Glycine
SUPER POLAR

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47
Q

Sulfhydryl (F Group)

A

(-SH)
POLAR
Thiols
Ex: Ethanethiol

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48
Q

Phosphate (F Group)

A

(-OPO_3^2-/ -OPO_3H_2)
Organic Phosphates
POLARRR (neg charge)
Ex: Glycerol Phosphate

49
Q

Methyl (F Group)

A

-CH3
Methylated Compounds
NON POLARRRR + HYDROPHOBIC
wont be able to dissolve in H2O
Ex: methyl cytidine

50
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

Bonds that make Amino Acids

51
Q

Monomers

A

Small, Organic

Used for building blocks of Polymers

Connections w/ condensation RXN (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)

52
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecules of Monomers

w/ many identical/similar blocks linked by COVALENT BONDS

53
Q

Macromolecules

A

BIGGGG
Giant molecules
2/2+ polymers bonded together

54
Q

Amino acid to protein

A

amino acid -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein

55
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

creates larger organic compound/molecule by joining smaller monomers (by releasing water)
Condensation RXN (takes water away, makes protein)
1 monomer donates -OH, other donates H+ together forms H2O
A+B = AB
__ + __ = ____ + H2O
Synthesis RXN

56
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Digestion of organic compounds, Breaks down polymers to monomers using water
opposite of dehydration syn, releases energy
split off one monomer at a time
H2O split into H+ & OH-
AB = A + B
____ + H2O = __ + __

57
Q

Amino Acid

A

compounds that make up proteins & polypeptide chains

MADE OF AMINO/AMINE GROUP (-NH2) & CARBOXYL GROUP/CARBOXYLIC ACID (-COOH)

properties: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic (acids & bases)

58
Q

R Group (AA)

A

each AA has a specific side chain attached to the alpha carbon

59
Q

Peptide Bond

A

covalent bonds that hold together amino acids

formed when the carboxylic acid of one amino acids reacts with the amino group of another amino acid/molecule

60
Q

Monomers

A

small, organic

used for building blocks of polymers

connects w/ condensation RXN (dehydration synthesis)

61
Q

Polymers

A

(multiple) long molecules of monomers

w/ many identical/similar blocks linked by covalent bonds

62
Q

Macromolecules

A

BIGG molecules

2 or more polymers bonded together

63
Q

Proteins

A

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body
required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs
50% dry weight of cells
has CHNOPS

64
Q

Primary Level of Protein Structure

A

linear sequence of Amino Acids
abt 20 diff AAs (peptide bonds = link)

65
Q

Secondary Level of Protein Structure

A

Gains 3-D shape (FOLDS, COILS) by H-BONDING

alpha helix. beta pleated sheet
pleated sheets = rly strong

if real positive attracts O-, breaks hydrogen bond between barely pos H

+ HEAT breaks hydrogen bond, causing protein structure to shake bc molecules get rly hot & falls apart (wrong shape = wrong function) ALSO CHEMICAL EXPOSURE can change protein shape TOO

66
Q

Basic Principles of Protein Folding

A

Hydrophobic AA buried in interior of protein (hydrophobic
interactions)

Hydrophilic AA exposed on surface of protein (hydrogen
bonds)

Acidic + Basic AA form salt bridges (ionic bonds).

Cysteines can form disulfide bonds (2 SULFURS)

67
Q

Tertiary Level of Protein Structure

A

Final 3D protein shape (makes bean side groups/ stacking + bends)

Bonding between R groups(side chains) of amino acids
hydrophobic interactions = amino acids w/ nonpolar hydrophobic R groups cluster together on the inside of the protein
hydrophilic amino acids on the outside to interact w/ surrounding water molecules

H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic
interactions, van der Waals interactions

68
Q

More info on Tertiary Structure

A

polar & nonpolar dont mix in proteinc -> causes bonds & diff shapes/functions

sulfur likes bonding w/ sulfur (S-S covalent bond) = disulfide bond

adding kinetic energy can break bonds causing changes in shape/function (curly/straight hair)

69
Q

Disulfide bonds

A

covalent linkages between sulfur-containing side chains of cysteines much stronger than the other types of bonds that contribute to tertiary structure
act like molecular “safety pins,” keeping parts of the polypeptide firmly attached to one another

70
Q

Quaternary Level of Protein Structure

A

2+ polypeptides bond together
(Stack beans together)

spirals & bonds = made & can meet other protein spirals/bonds & proteins interact w/ each other

71
Q

peptide

A

multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain

72
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

73
Q

Chaperonins

A

assist in proper folding of proteins
(ex: chaperonin =folding matt & t-shirt = protein)

74
Q

Protein Structure & function is sensitive to…?

A

Chemical & Physical conditions like heat

protein unfolds/denatures if pH & temperature are not optimal (falls apart)

ex: cooking egg, egg proteins denatures clear->white

75
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Function: store hereditary info

RNA & DNA

76
Q

DNA

A

Double-stranded helix

N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine

Stores hereditary info

Longer/larger

Sugar: deoxyribose

77
Q

RNA

A

Single-stranded

N-bases: A, G, C, Uracil

Carry info from DNA to
ribosomes

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA,
RNAi

Sugar: ribose

78
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomer of DNA/RNA

Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base

79
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

Double RIng

80
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

Single ring

81
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Fuel & Building material

Include simple sugars (fructose) & polymers (starch)

Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 Oxygen / CH2O

monosaccharide 🡪 disaccharide 🡪 polysaccharide

82
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple one monomer sugars (ex: glucose, ribose)

83
Q

Polysaccharides

A

large polymer sugars

Storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen)

Structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin)

(Differ in position & orientation of
glycosidic linkage)

84
Q

2 forms of Glucose

A

alpha glucose & beta glucose

85
Q

Starch

A

links 1-4 alpha glucose monomers

86
Q

Cellulose

A

links 1-4 Beta glucose monomers

87
Q

Denature

A

Protein breakdown/unfolding, (polypeptide chains disordered) CHANGING its 3D structure/shape & FUNCTION

can happen bc of heat/chemicals (changes in pH)

acid H+ & bases OH-(chemicals/ph change ruins protein)

88
Q

Conformation

A

How proteins reach final state

89
Q

Nucleic acids

A

store hereditary info
DNA & RNA

90
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded helix
N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine
Longer, Larger
Sugar: Deoxyribose (nonpolar)
pass onto children

91
Q

RNA

A

Single strand
N-bases: A,G,C, Uracil
Shorter, diff uses
HRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
Sugar: Ribose (more polar)
dont pass down to children, they make their own

92
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer of DNA & RNA, held together by hydrogen bonds has phosphates

A-T G-C (DNA), U-T, G-C (RNA) held together by hydrogen bonds

BUT phosphate (P bonded to 4 O’s = covalent bond)

sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C,U)

93
Q

DNA cells/DNA strands are held together by? why?

A

HYDROGEN BONDS bc needs to be able to split (every once in a while) to make more, makes them more easily accessible, & hydrogen bonds = somewhat stable

two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases

94
Q

DNA, RNA, Proteins

A

DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins!!

Change DNA, changes RNA, changes Proteins, changes functions!!

mutations = crazy changes (cancer, defects)

95
Q

Carbohydrates

A

carbon hydrated by water
fuel & building material
simple sugars (fructose) & polymers (Starch)

ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen or CH2O

monoSaccharide(Sugar), dissacharide, polysacharide

96
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomers (ex: glucose, ribose)

97
Q

polysaccharide

A

immediate fuel and energy

(storage) plants make starch, animals make glycogen

(structure) plants make cellulose, arthropod makes chitin

98
Q

Isomer

A

same chemistry makeup/formula but is connected/shaped diff

long sugars make rings structure (stable, diff functions, soluble in water)

99
Q

Glucose Bonded w/ Glucose (important)

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose

A

take away h2o (dehydration synthesis - condensation RXN) = C12, H22, O11
bc it wouldve been C6H12O6 * 2 but take away 2 H’s & 1 O
= Maltose

100
Q

Glucose Bonded w/ Fructose (important)

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

A

take away h2o (dehydration synthesis - condensation RXN) =
(C6H12O6 + C6H12O6) - H2O = C12, H22, O11
Sucrose

101
Q

Maltose & Sucrose
Fructose & Glucose

A

Isomers

102
Q

2 Forms of Glucose

A

Alpha Glucose & Beta Glucose
Isomers & reversible js diff shape (OH) = diff function

103
Q

Starch

A

Alpha glucose monomers
uneven, POLAR, ex: binders stacked = chemical arrangement same spine side stacked = slides off

104
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose monomers
even, LESS Polar
Binders: arranged = chemical arrangement oppositely so binder to end and stays put = diff, diff functions)

105
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

triglyceride = store energy (nonpolar) water doesn’t mess w/ it

body stores extra energy as fat bc water doesn’t mess w/ it (hard to make into energy but sugar = easy)

saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

106
Q

Steroids

A

cholesterol & hormones (chemical messengers travel thru blood) so bc fat = nonpolar, doesnt dissolve in blood (mostly water)

107
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipid bilayer of cell membrane (so cells have stable structure & bc body made up of water)

hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail

108
Q

are fat molecules polar or nonpolar? methyl group?

A

NONPOLAR methyl groups binded together & build up doesnt like blood (polar) but binds together bc nonpolar likes nonpolar

109
Q

Van der Wall Interactions/Forces

A

nonpolar, long, = stable

driven by induced electrical interactions between 2 or more atoms or molecules that are very close to each other

weakest of all intermolecular attractions between molecules

110
Q

Saturated fats

A

flat & more stable
bonded w/ H
solid at room temp = butter, lard

111
Q

unsaturated fats

A

curves & cant stack vanderwall interactions = weak & unstable in room temp (liquid)

112
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions make phospholipid layer

113
Q

The backbones/sides of DNA are made up of alternating ?

A

sugar & phosphate molecules which are held together by strong covalent bonds

114
Q

The steps/rungs of DNA are made up of ?

A

Pairs of Nitrogenous bases held together by weaker hydrogen bonds that allow for splitting to make more DNA, more accessible

115
Q

What is stronger G-C or A-T?

A

G-C bc they have 3 hydrogen bonds holding them together

A-T only has 2 hydrogen bonds holding them together

116
Q

What bond is most strongly affected by water?

A

Ionic bond

117
Q

What would happen if we add methyl group to CH4 or non polar groups in proteins?

A

The protein will be less soluble, & change shape bc linear sequence (primary structure changes so function changes badly = blood clots & sickle cell anemia (dents)

118
Q

what happens when theres a variant in protein where amino acid in primary sequence is changed to something non polar?

A

when oxygen levels = low, altered hemoglobin molecules bond together & distort shape of red blood cells, creating abnormal (dented) sickle cells,

hydrophobic interactions between protein -> clump together (oxygen carrying capacity reduced), deforms red blood cell & function changes bc no longer can transport oxygen w/ weird shape thru blood stream

118
Q

Phosphorus in?

A

nucleic acids & lipids

AP Bio (8 decks)

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