Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
2.1A Prokaryotic
-bacteria
Always unicellular organisms
No nucleus, membrane bound organelles.
They have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane.
2.1A Eukaryotic
-animal, plant, fungi
Have DNA in a nucleus bounded by a membrane.
All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles.
2.1A Virus
They are not cells themselves but they need cells to reproduce. They are made up of a protein coat and nucleic acid genetic material (DNA or RNA)
2.1A Cell membrane
The outer bound organelles that are mainly made of phospholipids.
2.1A Ribosome
An organelle (not membrane bound) that are made up of protein and rRNA. (makers of the cell) They use dehydration synthesis to synthesize proteins from amino acids using the mRNA instructions.
2.1A DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic genetic material that contains the genetic instructions for the development, function, growth, and reproduction. (double helix)
2.1B Phospholipids
It is a lipid and an amphipathic molecule containing fatty acid hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
2.1B Aqueous
Containing water, water based
2.1B Fluid mosaic
Membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it.
2.1B Embedded proteins
Amphipathic proteins since the parts near the polar heads will be hydrophilic and the middle part near the nonpolar tails it will be hydrophobic. Since proteins are made up of different R groups this is possible.
2.1B Steroids, cholesterols
-lipids
At different temperatures cholesterol has different affects on the fluidity of membranes. In warmer temperatures the cholesterol retains the movement of phospholipids and in colder temperatures the cholesterol maintains fluidity.
2.1B Glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates that covalently bond to proteins. This creates markers or tags on the extracellular surface of the membrane so cells can recognize each other.
2.1B Glycolipids
Membrane carbohydrates that covalently bond to lipids. This creates markers or tags on the extracellular surface of the membrane to cells can recognize each other.
2.1B Membrane bound organelles
Organelles of a eukaryotic cell that have their own plasma membrane.
2.2 Passive diffusion
When hydrophobic nonpolar substances/molecules can freely move across cell membranes.
2.2 Facilitated diffusion
Charged substances/molecules cannot diffuse freely so their diffusion is facilitated by protein channels (for ions) and transporters (for larger substances).
2.2 Membrane permeability
Membrane acts as a boundary separating the inside of the cell with with outside. Not everything can diffuse unaided because of the hydrophobic region. It is the chemical properties of the substance that determines weather it can cross.
2.2 Factors affecting rate of diffusion
,
2.2 Concentration gradient
,
2.2A Homeostasis
,
2.2A Plasma membrane
,
2.2A Concentration measurments
,
2.2A Diffusion and the factors that affect it
- temperature, surface area, particle size, diffusion distance, concentration difference.
2.2A up/against down/with concentration gradient
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2.2A Selective permeability
- ions, nonpolar molecules, polar molecules
2.2A Passive transport
- simple/passive diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
(protein channel/pore)
2.2B Active transport
(pump/cotransport)
2.2B ATP
.
2.2B Vesicle
.
2.2B Endocytosis
.
2.2B Exocytosis
.
2.3 Nucleus
.
