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human bio > Unit 2: book 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2: book 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the site of sperm production

A

Testes in seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Where is the site of testosterone production

A

Testes in the interstitial cells

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3
Q

Where exactly is the sperm formed

A

Seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What are the cells between the seminiferous tubules

A

Interstitial cells

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5
Q

What do interstitial cells produce

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced

A

The ovaries

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7
Q

What is ovulation

A

When a mature ovum is released from the ovary into the oviduct

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8
Q

What is each ovum surrounded by

A

A follicle

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9
Q

What does the follicle secrete

A

Oestrogen

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10
Q

What does the follicle produce after ovulation

A

Progesterone , as well as oesterogen

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11
Q

What is fertilisation

A

Mature ova is released into the oviduct. If sperm is present, fertilisation may take place

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12
Q

What is a fertilised egg known as

A

Zygote

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13
Q

Name three reproductive processes that hormones control

A

Ovulation, sperm production, puberty

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14
Q

Name two female hormones produced by the pituitary

A

LH (luteinising hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

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15
Q

What does testosterone do

A

Stimulates sperm production

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16
Q

What does high levels of oestrogen do to the cells lining the cervix

A

Increases cell division which repairs the endometrium

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17
Q

Name the two hormones that progesterone inhibits

A

FSH & LH

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18
Q

What is puberty triggered by

A

The hypothalamus secretes a releaser hormone whose target is the pituitary

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19
Q

What is ICSH

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

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20
Q

What is negative feedback control

A

As testosterone concentration builds up in the bloodstream it reaches a level that inhibits FSH and ICSH secretion. This leads to a decrease in testosterone production

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21
Q

What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase and luteal phase

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22
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle take

A

28 days

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23
Q

What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle

A

The follicular phase

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24
Q

What is the second phase of the menstrual cycle

A

The luteal phase

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25
Q

What happens during the follicular phase

A

FSH is produced by the pituitary gland. Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium. When levels of oestrogen peak, this stops the pituitary gland producing FSH and stimulates a surge in secretion of LH

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26
Q

What does FSH do

A

It stimulates the development and maturation of a follicle in the ovary
It also stimulates the wall of the follicle and the ovarian tissue to secrete the hormone oestrogen.

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27
Q

What is proliferation of the endometrium

A

An increase in cell division

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28
Q

What is ovulation

A

Ovulation is the release of an egg (ovum) from a mature follicle in the ovary. This usually occurs around the mid-point of the menstrual cycle

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29
Q

What are signs of ovulation

A

Increase in body temperature

Cervical mucus becomes watery

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30
Q

What happens during the luteal phase

A

LH caused the follicle to change into the corpus luteum which secretes a hormone called progesterone, progesterone (and oestrogen) cause the continued proliferation and vascularisation of the endometrium in preparation for receiving and embryo

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31
Q

What is the negative feedback effect on FSH and LH

A

The combined high levels of oestrogen and progesterone prevents further follicles from developing and inhibits the production of FSH and LH by the pituitary. If fertilisation does not occur the lack of LH causes the corpus luteum to degenerate and cease producing progesterone. The sudden drop in progesterone and oestrogen caused menstruation to occur

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32
Q

What kind of fertility do men show

A

Continuous fertility

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33
Q

What kind of fertility do women show

A

Cyclical fertility

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34
Q

How can you stimulate ovulation

A

Ovulation can be stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback control of oestrogen on FSH secretion.
Ovulation can be stimulated by drugs that mimic the normal action of FSH and LH

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35
Q

What is super ovulation

A

Super ovulation is when several ova are released at once and can lead to several births

36
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

This involves the insertion of semen into the female tract by some means other than sexual intercourse
If a male has low sperm count, several samples of semen are collected and frozen until required, they are then defrosted and released together into the partners cervical region during her fertile period.

37
Q

What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

The procedure involves drawing healthy sperm into a needle and injecting it directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation

38
Q

What is IVF

A

In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) enables fertilisation, outside the body, in a culture dish.

39
Q

What stages does IVF take place in

A
  • woman is given hormone treatment to stimulate multiple ovulation
  • the eggs are surgically removed from the ovary, using equipment like a syringe
  • eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish, containing nutrients, to allow fertilisation to take place. Alternatively, sperm may be injected directly into the egg using ICSI
  • fertilised eggs are incubated for 2-3 days to form embryos of at least 8 cells or more
  • two or three embryos are inserted into the uterus form implantation
  • remaining embryos are frozen in case a second attempt is needed
40
Q

What is pre implantation diagnosis (PGD)

A

PGD can be employed to identify genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

41
Q

What is contraception

A

Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception of pregnancy by natural or artificial means. Avoidance of “fertile period” would be an example of a natural method of contraception

42
Q

What are physical methods of contraception

A 
The barrier method physically blocks the ability of the sperm to reach the ovum.
Devices include: 
-condom 
-diaphragm 
-cervical cap
43
Q

What is an IUD

A

An intra uterine device is a plastic T shaped structure with copper wound around its outside.
It is fitted into the uterus for several years. It had threads attached for easy removal
The presence of an IUD stimulates the presence of white blood cells which are hostile to sperm
If impairs the mobility of the sperm
It irritates the lining of the uterus, making it unreceptive to the embryo

44
Q

What are the complications that an IUD can cause

A

Inflammation or the uterus and ectopic pregnancy

45
Q

What are some sterilisation procedures

A

Vasectomy- this includes cutting and tying the two sperm ducts. This prevents sperm being released. The sperm produced undergo phagocytosis

46
Q

What is an example of a chemical method of contraception and how does it work

A

Oral contraceptive pill

It contains synthetic oestrogen combined with synthetic progesterone

47
Q

What is the mini pill

A

Mini pills are progesterone only pills

They thicken the cervical mucus, reducing the viability of the sperm

48
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of the mini pill

A 
Advantages:
Can be used during breast feeding 
Can reduce cramps and heavy bleeding
Can be taken by women who cannot take oestrogen 
Can be taken by women who have high blood pressure
Disadvantages: 
Must be taken at the same time every day
Can cause breast tenderness
Can cause mood swings
Can lead to weight gain
Can lead to irregular menstruation
49
Q

What does antenatal care involve

A

Blood pressure, blood type and general health checks (including routine blood and urine tests)

50
Q

What is an ultrasound

A

An ultrasound scanner picks up high frequency sounds that have bounced off the foetus. Pregnant women are given two ultrasound scans

51
Q

What is a dating scan

A

A dating scan is performed at 8-14 weeks to determine the stage of pregnancy and to calculate the due date

52
Q

What is an anomaly scan

A

An anomaly scan is carried out at 18-20 weeks, an anomaly scan checks for physical abnormalities

53
Q

When is a dating scan carried out

A

At 8-14 weeks

54
Q

When is an anomaly scan carried out

A

18-20 weeks

55
Q

What is a Nuchal Translucency scan

A

A NT scan helps experts to estimate the risk of a Down syndrome baby

56
Q

When is a nuchal translucency scan carried out

A

11-14 weeks

57
Q

What happens during a nuchal translucency scan

A

An assessment is made or the thickness of fluid at the nape at the neck of the fetus

58
Q

Is a nuchal translucency scan a diagnostic test

A

No

59
Q

Why is a mother offered a series of blood and urine tests at 16-18 weeks

A

To check for markers
Example: HCG increases during 6-10 weeks then decrease to a steady low level
It remains high if the foetus has Down syndrome

60
Q

What is AFP marker

A

Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by the fetus and the concentration in the mother’s blood increases
The normal range of values during pregnancy is 0.5-2.49 units AFP
Levels lower than 0.4 units are found in Down syndrome (trisomy 21) pregnancy snd Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)

61
Q

What are risks associated with Down’s syndrome testing

A
  1. Age, older woman’s eggs are more prone to a type of mutation that leads to eggs being formed that have an extra copy of chromosome 21
  2. Woman are often advised to have invasive diagnostic tests. Amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus sampling- both carry a risk of miscarriage
62
Q

What is a diagnostic test

A

A diagnostic test is a definitive test which establishes, without doubt, whether a person is suffering from a specific disorder

63
Q

What is health monitoring

A

The detection of the marker human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the blood and iron is the basis of early pregnancy tests

64
Q

What is pre-eclampsia

A

This is the most common cause of dangerous complications during pregnancy
The sufferer displays some or all of the symptoms:
High blood pressure
Excess protein in the plasma
Changes to blood biochemistry caused by altered liver and renal function

65
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

Amniocentesis is carried out at about 14-16 weeks of pregnancy
A small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the nape of the foetus’ neck and it contains foetal cells
The cells are cultured to produce a karyotype, this usually takes about 2 weeks

66
Q

What is a karyotype

A

A karyotype is a visual display of a persons complete chromosome complement, arranged in pairs

67
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

This involves taking a sample of placental cells. The cells are cultured and used for karyotyping.

68
Q

What is a benefit and disadvantage of CVS

A

Benefit: It can be carried out as early as 8 weeks into pregnancy
Disadvantage : carries higher risk of miscarriage

69
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

70
Q

What are autosomes

A

Every chromosome except for X and Y which are sec chromosomes

71
Q

What is an example of autosomal recessive inheritance

A

Cystic fibrosis

72
Q

What are non-sufferers known as

A

Homozygous dominant (CC) or heterozygous (Cc)

73
Q

What are sufferers known as

A

Homozygous recessive (cc)

74
Q

What does cystic fibrosis result from

A

3 base pair deletion on chromosome 7

75
Q

What happens when you have cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus is found at various sites on the body,
These sites include the lungs, the pancreas and the alimentary canal
The mucus produced by sufferers of cystic fibrosis become thicker and stickier than normal. The organs become congested and blocked

76
Q

What is an example of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

A

Huntington’s chorea

77
Q

What is Huntington’s disease caused by

A

An affected gene on chromosome 4

78
Q

What is an example of Autosomal incomplete dominance

A

Sickle-cell disease and sickle cell trait

79
Q

What does sickle cell disease involve

A

Their haemoglobin fails to perform the normal function properly. The sickle shaped cells tend to stick together, interfering with the blood circulation. This results in a severe shortage of oxygen, damage to vital organs and death

80
Q

What is a sex linked recessive gene

A

The X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and carry many more genes which are not present on the Y chromosome. These genes are said to be sex linked

81
Q

What is an example of sex linked gene

A

Colour blindness, all sufferers are homozygous recessive XcXc (female) or XcY (male) and non sufferers are homozygous dominant or heterozygous “carrier” females

82
Q

What is haemophilia

A

A disorder in which blood does not clot or takes a very long time to clot

83
Q

What is haemophilia caused by

A

A recessive gene which is carried on the X chromosome

84
Q

What is postnatal screening

A

Diagnostic testing for metabolic disorders in a new-born baby.

85
Q

What is PKU

A

Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism.
The body provided a non functional from of an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrasine. As a result phenylalanine builds up in the blood

human bio (4 decks)

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