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101 > Unit 2: Biological Bases Of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases Of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What is heritability?

A

The degree of variance among individuals that can be attributed to genetic variation. Many physical and psychological characteristics are inherited. However genes do not determine everything about us

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2
Q

What is environmentalist?

A

The degree to which a trait’s expression is caused by the environment in which an organism lives

Nature and nurture is no longer separate, they work together, our psychological makeup is largely the result of the interaction of the two forces

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3
Q

Pituitary gland: hormone

A

Growth
Prolactin
Oxytocin storage
Various hormones that stimulate other glands

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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

Master gland forebrain structure elbow the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Pituitary gland: function

A

Regulates growth, breast milk production, childbirth, bonding, and communicates to other glands to release hormones

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6
Q

Pituitary gland: dysregulation

A

Extremes in height

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7
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Forebrain structure

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8
Q

Pineal gland: hormones

A

Melatonin

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9
Q

Pineal gland: function

A

Regulates seasonal and sleep cycles, melatonin concentrations fluctuate daily with higher levels at night causing drowsiness

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10
Q

Pineal gland: dysregulation

A

Seasonal affective disorder (sad)

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11
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid gland: hormones

A

Thyroxin
Calcitonin
Parathyrin

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12
Q

What is Thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Throat

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13
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands: functions

A

Thyroid controls metabolism or that rate at which glucose is converted to energy. Together the parathyroid gland regulate calcium levels in the blood

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14
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands: dysregulation

A

Hypothyroidism (under active gland)

Hyperthyroidism ( overactive gland)

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15
Q

What is adrenal glands?

A

Above kidney

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16
Q

Adrenal glands: Hormones

A

Cortisol
Epinephrine( adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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17
Q

Adrenal gland: function

A

Controlled the sympathetic nervous systems flight or fight reaction which increases heart rate blood pressure and glucose levels to respond to a threat

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18
Q

Adrenal gland: dysregulation

A

Excessive sympathetic nervous system activity can compromise the immune system

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19
Q

What is pancreas?

A

Close t the stomach

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20
Q

Pancreas: hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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21
Q

Pancreas: function

A

Regulates sugar metabolism

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22
Q

Pancreas: dysregulation

A

Diabetes
Low blood sugar

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23
Q

What are gonads?

A

Testes
Ovaries

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24
Q

Gonads: hormones

A

Androgens, including testosterone estrogen and progesterone

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25
Q

Gonads: function

A

Allow for sexual reproduction

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26
Q

Gonads: dysregulation

A

Reproductive difficulties
Higher level of testosterone are correlated with increased aggression

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27
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The bodies master control unit

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28
Q

What is peripheral nervous system

A

The body’s link to the outside world

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29
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A column of nerves between the brain and peripheral nervous system

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30
Q

What is the three major parts the bran divides into?

A

Lower part or hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain

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31
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion and pupil contraction; operates automatically without conscious discretion

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32
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Carries sensory information from sensory organs to the central nervous system and relays motor commands to muscles; controls voluntary movements

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33
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Mobilizes bodily resources in responding to threat by speeding up heart rate and respiration and drawing store energy from bodily reserves

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34
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Replenishes bodily resources by promoting digestion and slowing down other bodily processes

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35
Q

Dopamine: function

A

Pleasure reward voluntary movement learning and attention

Certain dopamine pathways are involved in drug addiction

36
Q

Dopamine: lack

A

Parkinson’s disease

37
Q

Dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

38
Q

Acetylcholine (AcH): function

A

Memory and motivation

39
Q

Acetylcholine: lack

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Paralysis

40
Q

Acetylcholine: excess

A

Muscle convulsion

41
Q

Serotonin: function

A

Mood, appetite, and sleep

42
Q

Serotonin: lack

A

Depression
Feeding and eating disorders
Sleep wake disorders
Aggression.

43
Q

Norepinephrine: function

A

Mod and sleep

44
Q

Norepinephrine: lack

A

Depression

45
Q

Norepinephrine: excess

A

Anxiety

46
Q

Glutamate: function

A

Memory and learning major excitatory neurotransmitter

47
Q

Glutamate:excess

A

Migraines
Seizures

48
Q

GABA: function

A

Relaxation and sleep
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

49
Q

GABA: lack

A

Anxiety disorder
Seizures
Insomnia

50
Q

Endorphins: function

A

Inhibits pain signals

51
Q

Endorphins: lack

A

Lower pain thresholds

Use of heroin and other opiates leads to decreased production of endorphins

52
Q

Endorphins: excess

A

Higher level threshold

Runners high

53
Q

What does reuptake mean

A

Neurotransmitters are Reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron

54
Q

What are agonists drugs and how do they work?

A

Drugs that work by either blocking reuptake or mimicking the natural neurotransmitters by fitting into receptor sights on the postsynaptic neuron

55
Q

What is Xanax and how does it work?

A

Xanax is an anti anxiety medication- the drug molecules fit into receptor sights for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and excite the cell

56
Q

How does SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake or serotonin)function?

A

Function as agonists by delaying the reuptake of serotonin, allowing the neurotransmitters more opportunity to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

What are antagonists

A

Drugs that work by occupying receptor sights on the postsynaptic neuron and block the impact of neurotransmitters

58
Q

What kind of people need to use antipsychotic medication and why?

A

Individuals with schizophrenia have too much dopamine, and antipsychotic medications act as dopamine antagonists to block the receptor sights and prevent cell excitement

59
Q

What is the hind brain and what does it control?

A

It’s a “primitive” part of the brain, and it coordinates basic bodily functions

60
Q

Where is the brainstem located and what is it in charge of?

A

It’s at the base of the brain at the top of the spinal cord

Automatic survival functions

Send and receive information (hindbrain)

61
Q

Where is the cerebellum lockstep and what is it in charge of?

A

Behind the brain steam underneath the brain

Balance and coordination
Fine motor movements
Procedural memory (hindbrain)

62
Q

Where is pons located and what is it in charge of?

A

Above the medulla on the brainstem and below the thalamus

Sleep and arousal

Dreams

Facial expressions (hindbrain)

63
Q

Where is medulla located and what is it’s function?

A

Below the pond on the brain stem

Survival functions (heartbeat, breathing,and digestion)

Reflexes (sneezing vomiting coughing and swallowing) (hindbrain)

64
Q

What is the midbrain in charge of?

A

Very small in humans coordinates simple movement with sensory information

65
Q

What is the reticular formation and what is it in change or?

A

Network of nerves running vertically through the brainstem and extending to the thalamus

Arousal to stimuli
Sleep
Attentiveness
Filters incoming stimuli and relays important information to the thalamus ( midbrain)

66
Q

Where is the basal ganglia and what is. In charge of?

A

Midbrain and forebrain

Smooth voluntary body movements

67
Q

What is the forebrain and what is it charge of?

A

Sophisticated part of the humane brain allows for complex thought and behavior unique to humans

68
Q

Where is the thalamus located and what is it In charge of?

A

Two connected egg shaped structures lactated at the top of the brainstem

Filters and relays sensory information

Except for smell to the appropriate parts of the cerebral cortex

69
Q

Where is Limbic system location and what is it in charge of?

A

Group of structures between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex

Learning
Memory
Emotion
Basic drives

70
Q

Where is the hippocampus located and what is it in charge of?

A

Limbic system structure surrounding the thalamus

Explicit memory formation
Learning

71
Q

Where is amygdala located and what is it in charge of?

A

At the end o each arm of the hippocampus

Emotions ( especially fear and aggression)

72
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located and what is it in charge of?

A

Below the thalamus

Maintenance functions( eating drinking body temperature and sex)

Controls the automatic nervous system

Controls the endocrine system by influencing the pituitary gland

73
Q

Where is nucleus accumbens and what do they control?

A

Region of the forebrain near the Limbic system

Pleasure or reward circuit

Associated with drug dependency

74
Q

Where is suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN) and what is it responsible for?

A

Small region within the hypothalamus

Regulation of circadian rhythm

Regulation of sleep cycle

75
Q

Where is corpus coliseum and what is it reasonable for?

A

Bundle of Nero a connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Relay’s information between the two hemispheres

76
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Higher level thinking reasoning planning judgment impulse control

77
Q

Where is prefrontal cortex located and what is its function?

A

Located in front of the motor strip in the frontal lobes

Controls conscious thoughts and actions

Working memory

Short term and long term planning

78
Q

Where is Broca’s area located and what is its function?

A

Front of the left frontal lobe

Controls the facial muscles movements required for speech production

79
Q

Where is primary motor cortex located and what is its function?

A

Rear of the frontal lobes, parallel to the sensory cortex like a headband

Controls voluntary movement

Left motor cortex controls movement on the right side of the body

Right motor cortex controls movement on the right side of the body

80
Q

What is the parietal lobes and what is its function?

A

Receives sensory information about the somatic senses of touch pain and temperature spatial abilities

81
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located and what is its function?

A

Front of the parietal lobes, parallel to the motor cortex like a headband

Sensory input is received for touch and the body position

Left sensory cortex controls sensation for the right side of the body

Right sensory cortex controls sensation for the left side of the body

82
Q

What is occipital lobes function?

A

Visual processing

83
Q

Where is primary visual cortex located
And what is its function?

A

Bottom of the occipital lobes

Information from the left visual field goes to the right side of each eye and is interpreted by the right visual cortex

Right side=Opposite

84
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

A

Auditory processing(hearing) smell and recognition of faces

85
Q

Where is primary auditory cortex located and what is its function?

A

Upper ate of the temporal lobes

Processes most auditory information from the opposite ear

86
Q

Where is the wernickes’s area located and what is its function?

A

Top of the left temporal lobe

Responsible for language comprehension
Creates meaningful statements

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