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101 > Unit 1: Scientific Founadation Of Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Scientific Founadation Of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality traits and abilities are in it

A

Nature

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2
Q

Our environment upbringing and life experiences determine our behavior, we are ___to behave in certain ways

A

Nurture

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3
Q

Studies show that we inherit some genes that are related to certain personality traits

A

Nature debate

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4
Q

Often identical twins grow up to have very different personalities and preferences

A

Nurture debate

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5
Q

Focus on genetic hormonal and neurological explanations of behavior

A

Approaches to psychology- Nature⬅️

Biological approach

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6
Q

Innate drives of sex and aggression (___). Social upbringing during childhood(___).

A

Approaches to psychology- Nature⬅️

Psychoanalysis

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7
Q

Innate mental structures such as schemes, perception and memory and constantly changes by the environment

A

Approaches to psychology-nature and nurture↔️

Cognitive psychology

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8
Q

Maslow emoji basic physical needs. Society influences a person’s self concept

A

Approaches to psychology- Nurture➡️

Humanism

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9
Q

All behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning

A

Approaches to psychology- nurture➡️

Behaviorism

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10
Q

• natural selection of adaptive traits
• genetic predispositions responding to environment
• brain mechanisms
• hormonal influences

A

Biological influences
↪️behavior or mental process

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11
Q

•Learned fears and other learned expectations
• emotional responses
• cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

A

Psychological influences
↪️behavioral or mental process

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12
Q

• presence of others
• cultural, societal, and family expectations
• peer and other group influences
• compelling models( such as media)

A

Social-cultural influences
↪️ behavior or mental process

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13
Q

What are the main points of APA ethics code for research

A

Information concept, deception, protection form harm, freedom from coercion, privacy, debriefing, humane treatment of animals

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14
Q

Manipulation of independent variable under controlled conditions and measurement of its effects on a dependent variable

A

Research Method: experiment

Strength- can establish cause and effect relationships between IV and DV

Weakness- ability to generalize to real world behavior can be limited

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15
Q

Measurement of DV when random assignment to groups is not possible

A

Research method: quasi- experiment

Strength- can provide strong evidence suggesting cause and effect relationships

Weakness- lack of assignment can weaken conclusions

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16
Q

Carful observations of humans or other animals in real life situations

A

Research method: naturalistic observation

Strength- provides descriptive data about behavior with wide applicability

Weakness- loss of experimental control

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17
Q

Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors at a specific time and place

A

Research method: survey and tests

Strength- ease of administration, scoring, and statistical analysis

Weakness- distorted results because of sampling error, poorly phrased questions, and response biases

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18
Q

Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes associated with a specific person or situation

A

Research method: case studies

Strength- provides detailed descriptions data and analysis of new, complex, or Rare phenomena

Weakness- may not be representative of phenomena

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19
Q

A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time

A

Longitudinal Method

Advantage- enables researchers to see how individuals change over time

Disadvantage- time consuming and expensive, participants may not be available for the duration of the study

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20
Q

Researchers compare differences and similarities among people in different age groups at a given time

A

Cross sectional method

Advantage- less time consuming than the longitudinal method for studying changes over time

Disadvantage- difference between the members of the sample cannot necessarily be attributed to age or development

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21
Q

Research based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables

Used to make predictions such as the relation between SAT scores and success at college

Cannot be used to determine cause and effect

Asks: do the two variables vary together?

A

Research methods in psychology- correlational research

22
Q

Experiments, causes and effects are what?

And what are they?

A

Cause: is manipulated and is an independent variable

Effect: is measured and is a dependent variable

23
Q

What are some examples of independent variables in experimental research

A

Type of treatment: different drugs or psychological treatments

Treatment factors: brief bs long term treatment, inpatient bs outpatient treatment

Experimental manipulations: type of beverage consumed ( alcohol vs no alcohol)

24
Q

What are some examples of dependent variables

A

Behavioral variables: adjustment, activity levels, eating, smoking

Physiological variables: physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity

Self report variables, measures anxiety, mood, or marital, life satisfaction

25
Q

What is 🙂😞🙁😒😃😔➡️🙂😞😃😔📝➡️🙂😃🔑➡️😞😔💉

A

Population: random selection➡️ sample: random assignment➡️ group: control or treatment

26
Q

What are the three experiments

A

Laboratory, field, natural experiments

27
Q

Type of environment: laboratory experiments

A

Artificial environment

28
Q

Type of environment: field experiments

A

Natural environment but but not necessarily the participants own one

29
Q

Type of environment: natural experiments

A

Participants own natural environment

30
Q

Control of independent variables: laboratory experiments

A

IV is set up by the experimenter

31
Q

Control of independent variable: field experiments

A

IV is set up by the experimenter

32
Q

Control of independent variable: natural experiments

A

IV is naturally occurring and the experimenter has no control of it

33
Q

Control of extraneous variables: laboratory

A

EV s can be effectively controlled

34
Q

Control of extraneous variables: field experiments

A

Some control of EV s

35
Q

Control of extraneous variables: natural experiments

A

No control of of EV s

36
Q

Cause and effect, laboratory experiments

A

Good because the IV affects the DV and there are few if any EV’s

37
Q

Cause and effect: field experiments

A

Moderate because there may be some EV’s

38
Q

Cause and effect: natural experiments

A

Low because EV’s are inevitable

39
Q

Demand characteristics: laboratory experiments

A

Lots of task is artificial and it is easy for participants to work out the aim

40
Q

Demand characteristics: field experiments

A

Fewer as task is more natural but the participants know they are taking part in an experiment

41
Q

Demand characteristics: natural experiments

A

None as participants are carrying out everyday tasks and are probably unaware they are taking part in an experiment

42
Q

Ethical considerations: laboratory experiments

A

Easy to gain informed consent and give participants have the right to withdraw

43
Q

Ethical considerations: field experiments

A

Easy to gain informed consent and give participants have the right to withdraw

44
Q

Ethical considerations: natural experiments

A

Participants probably do not know they are taking part in an experiment and so informed consent and right to withdraw become serious concerns

45
Q

What are the 4 descriptive statistics?

A

Organize

Summaries

Simplify

Describe and present data

46
Q

What are the 3 inferential statistics?

A

Generalized from samples to populations

Hypothesis testing

Make predictions

47
Q

In correlational coefficient, positive correlation two factors can be what?

A

Can be either two factors increasing or two factors decreasing, both go to the same direction

48
Q

I’m correlational coefficient, a negative correlation has two variables that do what?

A

Negative correlation or inverse relationship has one variable that increases as the other decreases

49
Q

What is the statistical significance in correlation coefficient?

A

It means your findings are not due to chance

Sample averages are reliable and the difference between the experimental and control group is relatively large

50
Q

What are you looking for in in correlation study?

A

Correlation coefficient (r) is closer to +1 or -1, it should be above r>+.5 or r<-.5

51
Q

What is a positively skewed distribution caused by?

A

Caused by an extremely high score in a frequency distribution. The low score our outlier causes a graph with a tail towards the right

52
Q

What is a negatively skewed distribution caused by?

A

Caused by an extremely low score in a frequency distribution. The low score out outlier causes a graph with a tail towards the left

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