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MLT 106 Bloodbank > Unit 2: Basic Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 2: Basic Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principles involved in population genetics?

A

Mendel’s laws of inheritance
Hardy-Weinberg principle
inheritance patterns

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2
Q

What is an amorph

A

a silent gene that doesn’t have a detectable antigen

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3
Q

What does a phenotype include?

A

an enzyme to control a blood group antigen

the length of long bones of the skeleton

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4
Q

What are the physical traits due to?

A

elementen

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5
Q

Describe Mendel’s First Law…

A

Independent segregation

each gene is passed on to the next generation on its own

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6
Q

Describe Mendel’s Second Law…

A

Law of Independent Assortment

genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other

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7
Q

What are the exceptions to Mendel’s Law…

A

if genes for separate traits are closely linked on a chromosome, they can be inherited as a single unit

Recombination during meiosis affects gene ratios of F1 progeny

If DNA strands are broken and there is an exchange of chromosomal material

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8
Q

What are the criteria for use of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

large populations
random mating
no mutations
no migration, differential fertility or mortality of genotypes

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9
Q

What is pedigree?

A

the trait to be studied

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10
Q

What is the propositus?

A

the most interesting member of the pedigree whose condition led to investigation of hereditary disorder or serologic evaluation

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11
Q

Autosomal dominant traits are routinely encountered in…

A

blood bank

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12
Q

What is an example of X-linked recessive inheritance?

A

Hemophilia A

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

A

genetic material important for replication

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14
Q

Describe the type of chromatin…

A

Heterochromatin (dark bands)
Achromatin (light bands, not transcriptionally active, highly condensed)
Euchromatin (light bands, more active in RNA, swollen chromatin, synthesis)

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15
Q

What is the role of histones?

A

to help maintain the chromosome shape

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16
Q

What is the role of nonhistones?

A

to control the activity of a certain region of DNA

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17
Q

When are genes italicized?

A

when describing genetic inheritance

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18
Q

Name the stages of the cell cycle?

A

resting stage (G0)
Pre-replication stage (G1) - produce RNA, synthesize protein
S stage DNA synthesis
Post-replication (G2) - (GAP) Produce protein, synthesize RNA
M phase - mitosis

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19
Q

Name the stages of Mitosis…

A 
Interphase - condensed chromatin
Prophase - chromosomes form
Metaphase - chromosomes align
Anaphase - spindle apparatus
Telophase - division
20
Q

Name the stages with haploid # of meiosis…

A 
Interphase 2N
Prophase I 4N *crossing over*
Metaphase I 4N
Anaphase I 4N
Telophase I 2N
Metaphase II 2N
Anaphase II N
Telophase II N
21
Q

Nitrogenous base pairs are stabilized by…

A

hydrogen bonding and Van der waals forces

22
Q

What year was is discovered that genes were composed of DNA?

A

1940

23
Q

Who discovered the double helix?

A

Watson and crick

24
Q

What enzyme opens the DNA supercoils?

A

DNA gyrase

25
Q

Which enzyme separates the two strands of duplex DNA?

A

DNA helicase

26
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes a new strand in the leading strand and is a proof reader?

A

DNA polymerase III

27
Q

Which proteins interact with the open strands of DNA to prevent hydrogen bonding?

A

Single-stranded binding proteins

28
Q

What are primers?

A

short oligonucleotide (RNA) pieces needed to bind to the beginning of the region to be replicated

29
Q

What are the two fragments that joins together Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA polymerase I

DNA ligase

30
Q

Which enzyme joins the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone?

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

Which enzyme recoils the DNA?

A

Isomerase

32
Q

What are the major DNA repair systems?

A 
photo reactivation
excision repair
recombination repair
mismatch repair
SOS repair
33
Q

What enzymes are produced to cleave thymine bases exposed to UV radiation?

A

photoreactivation enzymes

34
Q

What is the most abundant RNA?

A

rRNA

35
Q

What transcribes rRNA?

A

RNA polymerase I

36
Q

What does RNA polymerase II transcribe?

A

mRNA

37
Q

What brings amino acid to the mRNA?

A

tRNA

38
Q

What are the bonds in tRNA?

A

hydrogen bonding

39
Q

What is the process of DNA -> RNA

A

transcription

40
Q

What process is copied 3’-5’?

A

Transcription

41
Q

What is the binding enzyme in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase II

42
Q

What are the sequences in the promoter region?

A

CAAT box

TATA box

43
Q

What is the purpose of the promoter region?

A

to position RNA polymerase so transcription starts correctly

44
Q

What affects transcription rates?

A

enhancers region

45
Q

Where does translation begin?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes)

46
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

47
Q

What are the three major steps in translation?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

MLT 106 Bloodbank (5 decks)

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