Unit 1: Cells & Soluble mediators & Serologic Procedures Flashcards
The response of the body to pathogens involves ___ among many immune cells
cross-talk
What are the primary phagocytic cells?
polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes
mononuclear monocytes-macrophages
What are the steps in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis adherence engulfment digestion subsequent phagocytic activity
Each of the granulocytic leukocytes begin as _____ in the bone marrow
multipotential stem cell
What are the primary/central lymphoid organs?
thymus bone marrow (or fetal liver)
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
lymph nodes spleen GALT thoracic duct BALT SALT blood mature lymphs & accessory cells
What are the cells which recognize foreign antigens?
T lymphs
T cells are derived from ___ and mature in the ____
bone marrow, thymus
What aids in the creation of B1 cells?
CD5 marker
Besides the bone marrow, where else can B cells be derived from?
GALT
What is the function of plasma cells?
the synthesis and excretion of immunoglobulins
What do B & T cells mature into?
effector cells
What are the inhibitory proteins of the complement system?
C1 inhibitor Factor H Factor I C4BP Anaphylatoxin inhibitor Anaphylatoxin inactivator MAC inhibitor C3 nephritic factor
What are the physical consequences of complement activations?
blood vessel dilation
increased vascular permeability
What are the cellular consequences of complement activation?
inflammatory mediators cytosis hemolysis opsonization phagocytosis mediating hypersensitivity reactions
Increased complement levels are often associated with…
inflammatory conditions
trauma
acute illnesses (MI)
How can complement components (C3 & C4) be assessed by?
nephelometry
Evaluation of C3b and C3d complement components is useful in the investigation of…..
hemolytic transfusion reactions
autoimmune hemolytic anemias
What are the acute phase reactants?
CRP
Inflammatory mediators (C3 and C4)
fibrinogen
transport proteins
Why is CRP prominent among the acute phase proteins?
its changes show great sensitivity
changes are independent of ESR and parallel to the inflammatory process
CRP is a _____ and _____ measure of the acute phase reaction
direct and quantitative
CRP assessment is useful in monitoring the following conditions…
rheumatoid arthritis bacterial infections rheumatic fever crohn's disease MI strong predictor of cardiovascular events than LDL cholesterol
Describe the CRP rapid latex agglutination test…
CRP antigen reacts with CRP antibody, if particles are coated, the antibody is present or vice versa
What is serologic testing diagnostic for?
viral and bacterial diseases
What are common serologic and immunologic tests?
pregnancy tests for hCG and tests for mono and syphilis
What is the term for aggregation of soluble test antigens?
precipitation
What are examples of artificial carriers?
latex particles and colloidal charcoal
cells unrelated to the antigen
whole bacterial cells
What forms during a flocculation test?
fine particle precipitates
What are the syphilis serologic tests?
VDRL (tests antibody-like protein)
RPR (tests antigen)
Direct agglutination of pathogens can be used to detect…
antibodies directed against the pathogens
How does treatment with proteolytic enzymes enhance agglutination?
it alters the zeta potential or dielectric contsant
How does the use of colloids enhance agglutination?
adjusts the zeta potential of cells for IgG antibodies
What are the techniques to enhance agglutination?
centrifugation
treatment with proteolytic enzymes
use of colloids
AHG testing
What agglutination grade is dark and turbid with many tiny agglutinates, free cells and may not be visible without microscope?
W+
What agglutination grade is clear with several large agglutinates and few free cells?
3+
What agglutination grade is turbid with many small agglutinates and many free cells?
1+
What causes cross reactivity during pregnancy testing?
the fact that LH, FSH and TSH is identical to alpha subunit
What can cause false positives during a pregnancy test?
hCG injection
Chorioepithelioma
Hydatidiform mole
excessive ingestion of aspirin
In pregnancy testing, a negative result can be evidenced by what?
agglutination