Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLT 106 Bloodbank > Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures > Flashcards

Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

soluble proteins or peptide molecules that function as powerful mediators, they activate and inactivate many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of cytokines?

A

lymphokines & monokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiate lymphokines and monokines

A

lymphokines are effector molecules that allow cell communication

monokines are produced by monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are antigens usually found?

A

RBC membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is another name for an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the components of the cellular immunity?

A 
macrophages
t cells
dendritic cells
lymphokines
molecular components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the components of the humoral immunity ?

A

fluid components: antibodies and complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of your natural immunity?

A

phagocytic leukocytes
NK cells
polymorphonuclear cells
complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the components of your adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes
antibodies
cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two major phagocytic cells?

A

polymorphonuclear

mononuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells?

A

poly - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

mono- monocytes (plasma), macrophages (tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the major roles of the complement system?

A

the final lysis of normal/pathogenic cells by binding antibody

opsonization and phagocytosis

Mediation of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are factors that include antibodies and complements components in plasma that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Opsonins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the antigen that your antibody is made against is?

A

antithetical antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is B-lymphocytes role?

A

humoral immunity, they produce antibodies and become plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do T-helper cells aid B-cells?

A

they aid in B-Cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of T-Cells?

A

Helper Cells (CD4)
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8)
Regulatory Cells
NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of T-Helper cells?

A 
they activate and direct actions of other immune cells
secrete cytokines
assist B-cells in antibody prod.
activate suppressor cells
recognizes antigens (MHC II)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

attack and lyse cells infected wit viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and damaged cells, interacts with MHC I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes that lyse infected cells, malignant cells and antibody-antigen complexes (acts before cytotoxic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What inhibits the NK cells from attacking a cell?

A

MHC I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Basophils are activated by what antibody?

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What granulocyte releases histaminase?

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the functions of agranulocytes?

A

phagocytosis

Serve as APC (processes and presents antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do chemokines work?

A

they bind to their receptors on cells and number of receptors inc as the cell is stimulated, the higher concentration of chemokines, the stronger the infected site is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the classes of cytokines?

A

interleukins
interferons
tumor necrosis factors
colony stimulating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What encodes for the HLA proteins?

A

MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What distinguishes between human proteins and foreign proteins?

A

HLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are MHC I molecules located?

A

all nucleated cells except sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are MHC II molecules located?

A

antigen-presenting cells, b lymphs, actiavted T cells and various dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What antibody class neutralizes toxins, is the largest, and is the most effective antibody for agglutination?

A

IgM

33
Q

What antibody class is clinically significant and at what temperature?

A

IgG, 37 degrees celcius

34
Q

What antibody class protects against bacteria and viruses, causes anaphylactic transfusions?

A

IgA

35
Q

What antibody class proliferates during transfusions or when you are pregnant?

A

IgG

36
Q

What antibody class mediates the release of histamines and heparin from basophil and mast cells?

A

IgE

37
Q

What antibody class is found in blood types?

A

IgM

38
Q

What antibody class acts as a receptor for antigens when found on the surface of B-lymphs?

A

IgD and IgM

39
Q

What does complement do?

A

Causes red cell lysing

40
Q

What are the antigenic determinates that is the binding site for an antibody?

A

epitope

41
Q

How many Fc receptors does IgM have? How many binding sites?

A

5, 10

42
Q

In order to activate complement, how many Fc regions do you need?

A

2

43
Q

What antibody class can also be found in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and reproductive tracts?

A

IgA

44
Q

How are the polypeptide chains held together?

A

covalent forces

disulfide bridges

45
Q

What are the enzymes that cleaves immunoglobulins?

A

papain and pepsin

46
Q

What are the fragments that immunoglobulins are cleaved into?

A

two antigen binding fragments (FAB)

one crystallized fragment (Fc)

47
Q

What is the variable domain?

A

the upper portion of each FAB site, the area that actually binds to the antigen

48
Q

What activates the complement cascade?

A

the constant domain

49
Q

What are the four phases of antibody response?

A

lag - no antibody
log - antibody titer inc logrithmically
plateau - antibody titer stabilizes
decline - antibody catabolism

50
Q

What is the predominant type of antibody in secondary response? Primary?

A

IgG

IgM

51
Q

What are the purified antibodies cloned from a single cell?

A

monoclonal antibodies

52
Q

What forms the membrane attack complex and produces fragment split products?

A

the complement system

53
Q

What are the pathways of the complement system?

A

classical
alternative
lectin

54
Q

How is the classical pathway initiated?

A

by the antibody-antigen binding complex

55
Q

What acts on the C2 and C4 to cleave them?

A

C1qrs

56
Q

What is the C3 convertase?

A

C4b2a, cleaves C3

57
Q

What is the C5 covertase?

A

C4b2a3b, cleaves C5

58
Q

What recruits C6, 7, 8, 9 to the cell membrane to assist C5b in cell lysis?

A

C5a

59
Q

What does C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 form?

A

MAC

60
Q

What activates your alternative complement pathway?

A

without acquired immunity

activates by surface contacts with complex molecules

61
Q

What is analogous to C1 in the alternative pathway?

A

factor D

62
Q

What is analogous to C2 in the alternative pathway?

A

factor B

63
Q

What is analogous to C4 in the alternative pathway?

A

C3b

64
Q

What is analogous to C4b2a (C3 convertase) in the alternative pathway?

A

C3bBbP

65
Q

What is analogous to C4b2a3b in the alternative pathway?

A

C3b2BbP

66
Q

What cleaves factor B?

A

Factor D

67
Q

What is the purpose of properdin?

A

to stabilize the C3bBb complex to yield C3bBbP

68
Q

What does C3bBbP activate?

A

the amplification loop to produce another 3a and 3b to yield C3b2BbP (C5 convertase)

69
Q

What activates the lectin complement pathway?

A

the attachment of plasma mannose binding lectin to microbes

70
Q

What are in vitro testing technique s to detect antigens or antibodies?

A

hemagglutinations
agglutination inhibition
hemolysis

71
Q

What are the quantitative antigen/antibody tests?

A

RIA
ELISA
WB (western blotting)
IF

72
Q

What is hemagglutination used for?

A

analysis of blood group antigen-antibody responses and typing for ABO, Rh and other blood group antigens

73
Q

What are the two stages of hemagglutination?

A 
Sensitization
Precipitation reaction (agglutination)
74
Q

What are factors that influence antigen-antibody reactions?

A

intermolecular binding forces
antibody properties
host factors
tolerance

75
Q

What is the term for lymphocytes assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis in the complement system?

A

ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

76
Q

What are the factors that affect the first stage of agglutination?

A 
centrifugation
temp
pH
incubation time
type of enhancement media used
zonal reaction
77
Q

What is a prozone reaction? Due to?

A

an excess amount of antibody that causes a false negative reaction

78
Q

What is a postzone reaction? Due to?

A

an excess amount of antigen that is caused by a false negative reaction

79
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity?

A

I - anaphylaxis/immediate, histamine release, occurs in IgA deficient ppl who are given plasma IgA

II - IgM or IgG with complement, phagocytes and proteolytic enzymes, includes HDN and transfusion reactions. caused by blood group antibodies and autoimmune hemolytic reactions

III - phagocytes, IgG or IgM and complement. antibody complexes results in tissue damage

IV - T-cell mediated responses and their cytokines (can be fatal)

MLT 106 Bloodbank (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions