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MLT 106 Bloodbank > Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures > Flashcards

Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

soluble proteins or peptide molecules that function as powerful mediators, they activate and inactivate many cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of cytokines?

A

lymphokines & monokines

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3
Q

Differentiate lymphokines and monokines

A

lymphokines are effector molecules that allow cell communication

monokines are produced by monocytes and macrophages

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4
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

plasma cells

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5
Q

Where are antigens usually found?

A

RBC membranes

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6
Q

What is another name for an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

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7
Q

What are the components of the cellular immunity?

A 
macrophages
t cells
dendritic cells
lymphokines
molecular components
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8
Q

What are the components of the humoral immunity ?

A

fluid components: antibodies and complement

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9
Q

What are the components of your natural immunity?

A

phagocytic leukocytes
NK cells
polymorphonuclear cells
complement

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10
Q

What are the components of your adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes
antibodies
cytokines

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11
Q

What are the two major phagocytic cells?

A

polymorphonuclear

mononuclear

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12
Q

What are the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells?

A

poly - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

mono- monocytes (plasma), macrophages (tissues)

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13
Q

What are the major roles of the complement system?

A

the final lysis of normal/pathogenic cells by binding antibody

opsonization and phagocytosis

Mediation of inflammation

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14
Q

What are factors that include antibodies and complements components in plasma that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Opsonins

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15
Q

What is the antigen that your antibody is made against is?

A

antithetical antigen

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16
Q

What is B-lymphocytes role?

A

humoral immunity, they produce antibodies and become plasma cells

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17
Q

How do T-helper cells aid B-cells?

A

they aid in B-Cell division

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18
Q

What are the types of T-Cells?

A

Helper Cells (CD4)
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8)
Regulatory Cells
NK cells

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19
Q

What is the role of T-Helper cells?

A 
they activate and direct actions of other immune cells
secrete cytokines
assist B-cells in antibody prod.
activate suppressor cells
recognizes antigens (MHC II)
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20
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

attack and lyse cells infected wit viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and damaged cells, interacts with MHC I

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21
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes that lyse infected cells, malignant cells and antibody-antigen complexes (acts before cytotoxic cells)

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22
Q

What inhibits the NK cells from attacking a cell?

A

MHC I

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23
Q

Basophils are activated by what antibody?

A

IgE

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24
Q

What granulocyte releases histaminase?

A

Eosinophils

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25
Q

What are the functions of agranulocytes?

A

phagocytosis

Serve as APC (processes and presents antigens)

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26
Q

How do chemokines work?

A

they bind to their receptors on cells and number of receptors inc as the cell is stimulated, the higher concentration of chemokines, the stronger the infected site is

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27
Q

What are the classes of cytokines?

A

interleukins
interferons
tumor necrosis factors
colony stimulating factors

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28
Q

What encodes for the HLA proteins?

A

MHC

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29
Q

What distinguishes between human proteins and foreign proteins?

A

HLA

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30
Q

Where are MHC I molecules located?

A

all nucleated cells except sperm and egg

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31
Q

Where are MHC II molecules located?

A

antigen-presenting cells, b lymphs, actiavted T cells and various dendritic cells

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32
Q

What antibody class neutralizes toxins, is the largest, and is the most effective antibody for agglutination?

33
Q

What antibody class is clinically significant and at what temperature?

A

IgG, 37 degrees celcius

34
Q

What antibody class protects against bacteria and viruses, causes anaphylactic transfusions?

35
Q

What antibody class proliferates during transfusions or when you are pregnant?

36
Q

What antibody class mediates the release of histamines and heparin from basophil and mast cells?

37
Q

What antibody class is found in blood types?

38
Q

What antibody class acts as a receptor for antigens when found on the surface of B-lymphs?

A

IgD and IgM

39
Q

What does complement do?

A

Causes red cell lysing

40
Q

What are the antigenic determinates that is the binding site for an antibody?

41
Q

How many Fc receptors does IgM have? How many binding sites?

42
Q

In order to activate complement, how many Fc regions do you need?

43
Q

What antibody class can also be found in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and reproductive tracts?

44
Q

How are the polypeptide chains held together?

A

covalent forces

disulfide bridges

45
Q

What are the enzymes that cleaves immunoglobulins?

A

papain and pepsin

46
Q

What are the fragments that immunoglobulins are cleaved into?

A

two antigen binding fragments (FAB)

one crystallized fragment (Fc)

47
Q

What is the variable domain?

A

the upper portion of each FAB site, the area that actually binds to the antigen

48
Q

What activates the complement cascade?

A

the constant domain

49
Q

What are the four phases of antibody response?

A

lag - no antibody
log - antibody titer inc logrithmically
plateau - antibody titer stabilizes
decline - antibody catabolism

50
Q

What is the predominant type of antibody in secondary response? Primary?

51
Q

What are the purified antibodies cloned from a single cell?

A

monoclonal antibodies

52
Q

What forms the membrane attack complex and produces fragment split products?

A

the complement system

53
Q

What are the pathways of the complement system?

A

classical
alternative
lectin

54
Q

How is the classical pathway initiated?

A

by the antibody-antigen binding complex

55
Q

What acts on the C2 and C4 to cleave them?

56
Q

What is the C3 convertase?

A

C4b2a, cleaves C3

57
Q

What is the C5 covertase?

A

C4b2a3b, cleaves C5

58
Q

What recruits C6, 7, 8, 9 to the cell membrane to assist C5b in cell lysis?

59
Q

What does C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 form?

60
Q

What activates your alternative complement pathway?

A

without acquired immunity

activates by surface contacts with complex molecules

61
Q

What is analogous to C1 in the alternative pathway?

62
Q

What is analogous to C2 in the alternative pathway?

63
Q

What is analogous to C4 in the alternative pathway?

64
Q

What is analogous to C4b2a (C3 convertase) in the alternative pathway?

65
Q

What is analogous to C4b2a3b in the alternative pathway?

66
Q

What cleaves factor B?

67
Q

What is the purpose of properdin?

A

to stabilize the C3bBb complex to yield C3bBbP

68
Q

What does C3bBbP activate?

A

the amplification loop to produce another 3a and 3b to yield C3b2BbP (C5 convertase)

69
Q

What activates the lectin complement pathway?

A

the attachment of plasma mannose binding lectin to microbes

70
Q

What are in vitro testing technique s to detect antigens or antibodies?

A

hemagglutinations
agglutination inhibition
hemolysis

71
Q

What are the quantitative antigen/antibody tests?

A

RIA
ELISA
WB (western blotting)
IF

72
Q

What is hemagglutination used for?

A

analysis of blood group antigen-antibody responses and typing for ABO, Rh and other blood group antigens

73
Q

What are the two stages of hemagglutination?

A 
Sensitization
Precipitation reaction (agglutination)
74
Q

What are factors that influence antigen-antibody reactions?

A

intermolecular binding forces
antibody properties
host factors
tolerance

75
Q

What is the term for lymphocytes assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis in the complement system?

A

ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)

76
Q

What are the factors that affect the first stage of agglutination?

A 
centrifugation
temp
pH
incubation time
type of enhancement media used
zonal reaction
77
Q

What is a prozone reaction? Due to?

A

an excess amount of antibody that causes a false negative reaction

78
Q

What is a postzone reaction? Due to?

A

an excess amount of antigen that is caused by a false negative reaction

79
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity?

A

I - anaphylaxis/immediate, histamine release, occurs in IgA deficient ppl who are given plasma IgA

II - IgM or IgG with complement, phagocytes and proteolytic enzymes, includes HDN and transfusion reactions. caused by blood group antibodies and autoimmune hemolytic reactions

III - phagocytes, IgG or IgM and complement. antibody complexes results in tissue damage

IV - T-cell mediated responses and their cytokines (can be fatal)

MLT 106 Bloodbank (5 decks)

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