Unit 2, AOS 2: Social influences Flashcards
Definition of group.
Two or more people who interact or influence each other and share a common purpose.
Definition of power.
An individual or group’s ability to control or influence the thoughts/feelings/behaviours of another person or group.
Reward power.
Give rewards and take away punishment.
Coercive power.
Give punishment and take away rewards.
Referent power.
People identify with or want to be liked by this person.
Legitimate power.
Person’s status and power in a group gives them authority.
Expert power.
Having special knowledge or skills that are desirable/needed.
Informational power.
Having resources/information that are not available elsewhere.
Independent variable of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.
The role of the participants (prisoner/guard).
Dependant variable of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.
The reactions of the participants.
Results of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.
Participant’s behaviours changed completely to fit their assigned role. The guards became sadistic and abusive, and the prisoners fell in line as their values changed.
Ethical issues of Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment.
No-harm principle was breached. Withdrawal rights were breached. Participants did not consent to being arrested in front of people they are close to.
**Independent variable of Milgram’s experiment.
Uncertain to determine as there was no control group.
**Dependant variable of Milgram’s experiment.
The maximum voltage that the teacher administered to the student.
Results of Milgram’s experiment.
100% of participants administered shocks of 300 volts.
65% of participants administered shockers of 450 volts.
Ethical issues of Milgram’s experiment.
Deception, breach of the no-harm principle, lack of withdrawal rights.
Results of Asch’s experiment
75% of participants agreed with the confederate’s incorrect responses at least once.
33% of participants agreed with the confederate’s incorrect responses in half or more of the trials.
24% of participants did not conform to the incorrect responses at all.
Normative influence.
Situation is guided by one or more social norms.
Culture
More conformity in collectivist cultures. Less conformity in individualistic cultures.
Informational influence
Conforming for direction and information on how to respond in a specific situation.
Group size
More likely to conform with other members of the group when the group has 4 members.
Unanimity
Difficult to be a minority of one even when you think you are right and everyone else is wrong.
Deindividuation
Loss of individuality that can occur in a group situation.
Social loafing
Tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in a group activity rather than working alone.
Definition of pro-social behaviour.
Act of helping others, even when there is a personal cost to the helper.
Situational factors influencing pro-social behaviour.
- Notice the situation
- Interpret the situation
- Take responsibility for the situation
Social factors influencing pro-social behaviour
Social responsibility norm (We should help those in need because it is our responsibility/duty to do so) Social justice norm (We should only help those who deserve it) Reciprocity norm (We should help those who help us)
Personal factors influencing pro-social behaviour
Empathy (Ability to identify with & understand another’s feelings or difficulties)
Mood (More likely to help when in a good mood)
Competence (More likely to help when capable of helping)
Factors that influence reluctance to help
Bystander effect
Diffusion of responsibility
Audience inhibition
Cost-benefit analysis
Bystander effect
Tendency for people to be less likely to help when other people are present.
Diffusion of responsibility
Belief that when others are present, one or more people will or should take responsibility for helping.
Audience inhibition
Less willing to help for fear of looking stupid in front of a group of people.
Cost-benefit analysis
Weigh up the pros and cons of helping before deciding to help
Definition of bullying.
Intentional repeated physical or psychological aggressive behaviour by a person/group intended to cause harm, distress or fear.
Covert bullying
Hidden, unobvious bullying.
Overt bullying
Physical, obvious bullying
Cyberbullying
Bullying via call, text, email, social media, etc.
Situational factors that influence bullying
Circumstances in an individual’s context when bullying behaviour occurs influence them to perform this behaviour.
Environmental factors that influence bullying
Factors relating to an individual’s family or home environment that can increase the likelihood of bullying behaviour.
Effects of bullying
Feeling unsafe, lonely, disconnected, low self-esteem, difficulties with concentrating and motivation, sleep and mental health problems.
Positive influences of media on group behaviour
Can communicate from just about anywhere in the world.
Negative influences of media on group behaviour.
Less meaningful relationships.
Positive influences of media on individual behaviour.
Entertainment and education.
Negative influences of media on individual behaviour.
Less time out and about.
