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Psychology > Unit 2 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

Focusing our mental resources on certain info, while blocking out irrelevant info.

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

exclusively focusing your attention on a specific stimulus or task whilst simultaneously ignoring all other external and internal stimuli

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

splitting your attention across 2 or more stimuli at one time

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4
Q

Sustained attention

A

focusing on one or more stimuli across a prolonged, continuous period of time.

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5
Q

Distraction

A

Internal or external stimuli that draw your attention away from the current task

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6
Q

monocular depth cues

A

rely on visual info perceived by just one eye

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7
Q

depth cues

A

visual clues that allow someone to see the world in 3 dimensions and judge the distance and position of objects in their environment.

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8
Q

Photoreceptors : cones

A

they allow you to see colour and fine details in well lit conditions

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9
Q

Photoreceptors: rods

A

they allow you to see in the dark.

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10
Q

Organisation

A

the selected features of sensory stimuli are regrouped so that they are cohesively arrange.

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11
Q

Selection

A

Certain sensory stimuli or their features are attended to whilst other features are ignored

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12
Q

Transmission

A

the info is sent to the brain for perceptual processing

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13
Q

Myopia

A

they can’t see far away, (short sided)

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14
Q

Monocular depth cue: Motion parallax

A

uses our perception of movement to gauge how far things are this helps us measure depth.

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15
Q

Monocular depth cue: Accomodation

A

involves our lens bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is.

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16
Q

Monocular depth cue: Pictorial depth cues

A

-relative size
-height in visual field
-linear perspective
-interposition (overlap)
-texture gradient

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17
Q

Binocular depth cue: Retinal disparity

A

difference between the different images received on the retina of either eye. closer = greater disparity.

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18
Q

Binocular depth cue: convergence

A

turning inwards is convergence when something is close your eye strains signalling that something is close.

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19
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Rely on visual info from both eyes

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20
Q

Reception

A

the sensory info is 1st received

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21
Q

Transduction

A

the info is converted into a neural impulse

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22
Q

Interpretation

A

The now organised sensory info is understood

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23
Q

Sensation

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
    3 transmission
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24
Q

Perception

A
  1. Selection
  2. organisation
  3. interpretation
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25
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

analyse individual parts of a scenario to make a conclusion
- unfamiliar and complex
specific stimuli–> general knowledge.

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26
Q

Sensory organ for vision

A

the eye

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27
Q

Top- down processing

A

Analyse the whole picture of a scenario to make a conclusion.
-familiar and complex
- prior knowledge–> stimulus info

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28
Q

visual constancies

A

a visual perception skill that allows a child to understand that a shape, form or object stays the same even when it changes position, size or is in a different environment.

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29
Q

Visual perception principles

A

guiding rules that we apple to incoming visual signals that determine the way e organise and interpret them. (automatic and unconsious)

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30
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

large subset of visual perception principles which help us make sense of visual stimuli by grouping together separate phenomena into meaningful whiles.

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31
Q

The similarity principle

A

group images that are similar could be colour, size, shape, position, etc.

32
Q

The closure principle

A

Brains ability to to mentally complete images that are otherwise incomplete.

33
Q

the proximity principle

A

refers to our brains tendency to group together items in an image based on their physical closeness to one another.

34
Q

the figure- ground principle

A

see figures as being at the front of an image and others as falling into the background.

35
Q

Perceptual set

A

it’s a cognitive bias that affects the way people interpret things based on their expectations and past experiences.

36
Q

fallability

A

the quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties in judgement.

37
Q

perceptual distortion

A

an error in the judgement or interpretation of sensory stimuli.

38
Q

visual illusion

A

the perception of a visual stimulus that conflicts with how it is in physical reality.

39
Q

agnosia

A

a disorder involving the loss or impairment of the ability to recognise familiar stimuli through the use of one or more senses, despite the senses functioning normally otherwise. (neurolgical)

40
Q

different kinds of agnosia

A

visual agnosia- eye
gustatory agnosia- taste
auditory agnosia- hearing
tactile agnosia- touch
olfactory agnosia- smell

41
Q

apperceptive visual agnosia

A

the inability to generate holistic perceptions of visual info. this represents the failure of perception

42
Q

associative visual agnosia

A

the inability to identify or recognise a visual stimulus. the perception is intact, but the ability to interpret this meaningfully is compromised.

43
Q

gustatory perception

A

meaningfully interpreting sensations to generate taste

44
Q

taste buds

A

taste buds are located around the papille (raised selections) on the tongue and contain taste receptors.

45
Q

biological factors that affect taste

A
  • age
  • genetics and taste
46
Q

psychological factors that affect taste

A
  • perceptual set
  • past experience
  • context
  • emotional state
47
Q

social factors that affect taste

A
  • culture
48
Q

controlled process

A

a task that requires selective attention in order to be completed. usually the task is difficult or unfamiliar.

49
Q

Automatic process

A

A task that allows divided attention in order to be completed. usually the task is easy or well-learned and requires little effort`

50
Q

perception def:

A

becoming aware of something through our senses.

51
Q

Sensation def:

A

the process of capturing stimuli from the environment by our sense organs

52
Q

visual sensation

A

captured light info (electromagnetic energy) from the environment by the eye.

53
Q

visual perception

A

meaningfully interpreting visual stimuli

54
Q

Photoreceptor

A

a cell within the retina that responds to light

55
Q

visible light spectrum

A

th range of frequencies of electromagnetic energy that can be sensed by the human eye.

56
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to interpret the world as 3D

57
Q

different gestalt principles:

A
  • figure ground
  • closure
  • similarity
    proximity
58
Q

Pictorial depth cues: linear perspective

A

Is based on the apparent convergence of parallel lines as the lines recede into the distance.

59
Q

Pictorial depth cues: Relative size

A

Indicates that objects cast a larger retinal image when they are closer to the observer than when they are further away.

60
Q

Pictorial depth cues: interposition (overlap)

A

Indicates that if one object partially obscure the retinal image of another object, then it must be closer to the observer.

61
Q

Pictorial depth cues: texture gradient

A

Indicates that objects can be seen in finer detail and with greater clarity when they are closer to the observer than when they are further away.

62
Q

Pictorial depth cues: Height in visual field

A

Indicates that objects that are closer to the horizon line ( from the ground up and from the sky down) are perceived as being further away from the observer.

63
Q

Miraculin

A

A type of protein extracted from the miracle berry which alters taste perception in humans

64
Q

Synaesthesia

A

a perceptual phenomenon characterised by the experience of unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated

65
Q

internal stimuli

A

information or sensations
that originate from within
the body

66
Q

external stimuli

A

information or sensations
that originate from outside
the body

67
Q

multi tasking

A

the act of
working on multiple tasks
at one time

68
Q

sensory stimuli

A

the raw
pieces of information
that are detected by the
five senses

69
Q

Visual sensory system 

A

the network that is
involved in the sensation
and perception of visual
stimuli, including the
eyes, the brain, and
the neural pathways
connecting them

70
Q

Feature detectors

A

specialised cells along
the neural pathway
connecting to, and found
within, the primary
visual cortex

71
Q

Tastants 

A

the sensory
stimuli received in the form
of chemical molecules that
can be tasted

72
Q

Gustatory receptors

A

the sensory receptors
for taste

73
Q

Primary gustatory cortex 

A

a sensory area in the
parietal lobe responsible
for receiving and
processing tastes

74
Q

spatial neglect

A

an inability to perceive,
report, or orient sensory
information located within
one side of space

75
Q

Refractory errors 

A

defects
in the eye causing it
not to bend light as it is
supposed to, resulting in
reduced visual acuity

Psychology (3 decks)

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