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Key science skills 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

psychology def:

A

the scientific
study of human mental
states and behaviour

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2
Q

science def:

A

a field and
practice that obtains
knowledge and
generates theories
through observation and
experiment

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3
Q

what is Empirical evidence?

A

information obtained
through direct and
systematic observation
or experimentation

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4
Q

what is non-science?

A

ideas
formed without empirical
evidence or the use of
scientific methods or
principles.

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5
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

beliefs,
theories, and practices
that are mistakenly
regarded as, or claim to
be scientific, but are not
because they do not use
the methods of science

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6
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

a procedure used to obtain
knowledge that involves
hypothesis formulation,
testing, and retesting
through processes
of experimentation,
observation, measurement,
and recording

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7
Q

theory def:

A

a proposition or
set of principles that is
used to explain something
or make predictions about
relationships between
concepts

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8
Q

Aim def:

A

a statement
outlining the purpose
of an investigation

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9
Q

hypothesis def:

A

s a testable
prediction about
the outcome of an
investigation

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10
Q

variable def:

A

a condition
or component of an
experiment that can be
measured or manipulated

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11
Q

population def:

A

the group of people
who are the focus of the
research and from which
the sample is drawn

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12
Q

what is a Controlled experiment?

A

a type of investigation
in which the causal
relationship between two
variables is tested in a
controlled environment;
more specifically, the
effect of the independent
variable on the dependent
variable is tested while
aiming to control all other
variables.

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13
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

the variable for which
quantities are manipulated
(controlled, selected,
or changed) by the
researcher, and the
variable that is assumed
to have a direct effect on
the dependent variable

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14
Q

what is the Dependent variable?

A

the variable the researcher
measures in an experiment
for changes it may
experience due to the
effect of the independent
variable

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15
Q

what are controlled variables?

A

variables other than the
IV that a researcher holds
constant (controls) in an
investigation, to ensure
that changes in the DV are
solely due to changes in
the IV

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16
Q

what are investigation methodologies?

A

any of
the different processes,
techniques and/or types of
studies researchers use to
obtain information about
psychological phenomena

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17
Q

what are the different forms of psychological studies (investigation methodologies)?

A
  • Controlled experiments
  • Case studies
  • Correlational study
  • Classification and identification
  • Fieldwork
  • Literature review
  • Modelling
  • Product, process or system development
  • Simulation
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18
Q

what is a case study?

A

an in-depth
investigation of an
individual, group, or
particular phenomenon
(activity, behaviour, event,
or problem) that contains
a real or hypothetical
situation and includes the
complexities that would
be encountered in the
real world

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19
Q

what is a correlation study?

A

a type of non-experimental
study in which researchers
observe and measure the
relationship between two
or more variables without
any active control or
manipulation of them

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20
Q

classification def:

A

the arrangement of
phenomena, objects,
or events into
manageable sets

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21
Q

identification def:

A

 a process
of recognition of
phenomena as belonging
to particular sets or
possibly being part of
a new or unique set

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22
Q

what is fieldwork?

A

any research
involving observation and
interaction with people
and environments in realworld settings, conducted
beyond the laboratory

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23
Q

what is a Literature review?

A

the process of collating
and analysing secondary
data related to other
people’s scientific findings
and/or viewpoints in order
to answer a question
or provide background
information to help
explain observed events,
or as preparation for an
investigation to generate
primary data

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24
Q

what is modelling?

A

the construction and/or
manipulation of either a
physical model, such as
a small- or large-scale
representation of an
object, or a conceptual
model that represents a
system involving concepts
that help people know,
understand, or simulate
the system

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25
what is Product, process, or system development?
the design or evaluation of an artefact, process, or system to meet a human need, which may involve technological applications, in addition to scientific knowledge and procedures
26
what is a simulation?
a process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real or theoretical system
27
what is the controlled group?
the group of participants in an experiment who receive no experimental treatment or intervention in order to serve as a baseline for comparison
28
what is the experimental group?
the group of participants in an experiment who are exposed to a manipulated independent variable (i.e. a specific intervention or treatment)
29
what are Within-subjects designs (also known as repeated measures or withingroups design)?
an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition
30
what are Between-subjects designs (also known as independent-groups design or between-groups design)?
 an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition
31
what are Mixed designs?
an experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs
32
what are the different types of feildwork?
- Direct observation - Qualitative - interviews - Questionnaires - Focus groups - Yarning circles
33
what is a Sample?
a subset of the research population who participate in a study
34
what is Generalisable (also known as generalisability)?
the ability for a sample’s results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population
35
sampling technique def:
the way a sample is selected from the population for a study
36
convenience sampling def:
any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population, rather than using a random or systematic approach
37
random sampling def:
any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected
38
allocation def:
the process of assigning participants to experimental conditions or groups
39
what is an extraneous variable?
any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable
40
what is a confounding variable?
a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable
41
what are Participant-related variables (also known as individual participant differences)?
characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect the results
42
what are order effects?
the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behaviour
43
what is the placebo effect?
when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs
44
what is the Experimenter effect (also known as experimenter bias)?
when the expectations of the researcher affect the results of an experiment
45
what are situational variables?
any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable
46
what are Non-standardised instructions and procedures?
when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions
47
what are Demand characteristics?
cues in an experiment that may signal to a participant the intention of the study and influence their behaviour
48
what is counterbalancing?
a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way
49
what is a Single-blind procedure?
a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental group or condition they have been allocated to
50
what is a double blind procedure?
a procedure in which both participants and the experimenter do not know which conditions or groups participants are allocated to
51
what are ways to prevent extraneous and confounding variables?
- Sampling size and procedures - Experimental design choice - Counterbalancing - Placebo - Single-blind procedures - Double-blind procedures -Standardised testing conditions and procedures -Controlled variables
52
Data def:
information used as part of or generated by an investigation
53
Primary data def:
data collected first-hand by a researcher
54
Secondary data def:
data sourced from others’ prior research
55
quantitive data:
data that is expressed numerically
56
qualitative data def:
data that is expressed non-numerically
57
objective data def:
factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion
58
Subjective data def:
data that is informed by personal opinion, perception, or interpretation
59
Descriptive statistics def:
statistics that summarise, organise, and describe data
60
Measures of central tendency?
descriptive statistics that summarise a data set by describing the centre of the distribution of the data set with a single value
61
Mean def:
a measure of central tendency that describes the numerical average of a data set, expressed as a single value
62
outlier def :
a value that differs significantly from other values in a data set
63
Median def:
a measure of central tendency that is the middle value in a data set ordered from lowest to highest
64
Mode def:
a measure of central tendency that is the most frequently occurring value in a data set
65
Measures of variability def:
statistics that summarise and describe the spread and distribution of a data set
66
Range def:
a measure of variability that is a value obtained by subtracting the lowest value in a data set from the highest value
67
Standard deviation def:
a measure of variability, expressed as a value that describes the spread of data around the mean
68
what is a table:
a presentation of data arranged into columns and rows
69
what is a bar chart:
a graph displaying the relationship between at least two variables using rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values they represent
70
what is a line graph:
a graph displaying the relationship between at least two variables using a straight line to connect data points
71
accuracy def:
how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured
72
True value def:
the value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly
73
precision def:
how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other
74
what are Systematic errors
errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount
75
what are random errors?
errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance.
76
Uncertainty def:
the lack of exact knowledge relating to something being measured due to potential sources of variation in knowledge
76
Repeatability def:
the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time (e.g. same procedure, observer, instrument, instructions, and setting)
77
reproducibility def:
the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions (e.g. different participants, time, observer, and/or environmental conditions)
78
Validity def:
the extent to which psychological tools and investigations truly support their findings or conclusions
79
what is internal validity?
the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to
80
what is external validity?
the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings
81
what is a conclusion?
a statement that summarises the findings of a study, including whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected
82
what are Ethical concepts?
the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research, practising psychology, or when analysing a psychological issue or debate
83
83
what is Beneficence?
the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action
84
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85
what is Integrity?
the commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, and the honest reporting of all sources of information and results, whether favourable or unfavourable, in ways that permit scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge and understanding
85
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