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Psych > Unit 2 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social cognition

A

how we interpret, analyse and use info to make judgements about others in diff social situations

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2
Q

types of relationships

A

-intimate- sig other
-formal- workplace
-impersonal- first meet no personal attachment

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3
Q

person perception

A

mental process we use to understand and form impressions of other people
- first impression- initial thoughts on someone
-formed based on physical appearance( attractiveness) and non verbal cues (body language)

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4
Q

Salience

A
  • any personal characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous or noticeable in it’s context and therefore attracts attention
  • can be influenced by personal preference and experiences
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5
Q

social categorisation

A

classify each other into diff groups based on characteristics
- ingroup- you belong/identify with
- out group- you don’t belong/identify with

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6
Q

attribution

A

process by which we explain the cause of our own or another persons behaviour, also the explanation we come up with

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7
Q

internal and external attribution and fundamental attribution error

A

i- explanation due to the characteristics of the person involved e.g personality, mood, ability
e- behaviour due to factors associated with the situation the person is in (situation or enviro attribution)
f- tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other peoples behaviour

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8
Q

actor observer bias

A

our tendency to attribute our own behaviour to external or situational factors, yet attribute others behaviour to internal factors
e.g fail exam and blame it on too many trick questions but maria failed cause she is dumb and didn’t study enough

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9
Q

self serving bias

A

when judging ourselves we tend to take the credit for our successes and deny responsibility for failure which is blamed on external situations
- we are motivated by a desire to maintain self esteem and so we distance ourself from failure

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10
Q

attitudes

A

Attitudes can be viewed as ideas that we hold about ourselves, others, objects
and experiences
- an evaluation a person makes about an object. person, group, event or issue

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11
Q

The tri-component model of attitudes

A

The tri-component model of attitudes proposes that any
attitude has three related components — the affective,
behavioural and cognitive components — which are
sometimes called the ‘ABCs of attitudes’

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12
Q

The affective component of of tri component model of attitudes

A

The affective component of an attitude refers to the
emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards
an object, person, group, event or issue. Thus, it is based
on a judgment

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13
Q

The behavioural component of of tri component model of attitudes

A

The behavioural component of an attitude refers to the
way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions
(or how we might behave should the opportunity arise).

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14
Q

The cognitive component of of tri component model of attitudes

A

The cognitive component of an attitude refers to the beliefs we have about an object, person, group,
event or issue. Our beliefs are linked to what we know about the world. They develop as a result of
our experience throughout the course of our lives.

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15
Q

stereotype

A

generalisation about personal characteristics of the members of a social group

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16
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant psychological state occurs when people become aware that their various beliefs, attitudes or other cognitions or that their behaviour conflicts with their cognitions
eg their behaviour is diff from the way they believe they should behave

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17
Q

change cognition, change behaviour and new cognitions (ways of reducing dissonance)

A

c - if u get cheated on to minimise or avoid discomfort you might reduce the importance of what happened and think that it was only a crush and your glad its over
- change cognition by convincing ourselves that out thinking is faulty or by further justifying belief

b- change behaviour to suit the dissonant cognition eg dissonance because u don’t play sport, reduce by playing b ball , tennis ,running etc

n-add new cognitions or supportive elements to outweigh or rationalise the behaviour eg dont play sport cause of knee injury

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18
Q

cognitive bias

A

Cognitive bias is a systematic error of judgment and faulty decision-making.
Essentially, it is a distorted or mistaken way of thinking that usually leads to
inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions.

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19
Q

cognitive biases egs

A

anchoring bias- tendency to rely heavily on first piece of info received when making a decision and to not modify this anchor
sufficiently in light of later information.
This can lead to bad judgment and decision-making
attentional-prioritise attention to certain information over other info so when making a decision, we may not identify and weigh up all
the pros and cons, or consider all options and possible outcomes
confirmation-
false consensus-
optimum-

20
Q

heuristic

A

A HEURISTIC IS A STRATEGY FOR SOLVING A
PROBLEM OR MAKING A DECISION THAT IS BASED
ON EXPERIENCE WITH SIMILAR TYPES OF PROBLEMS
BUT CANNOT GUARANTEE A CORRECT OUTCOME

21
Q

availability heuristic

A

AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC INVOLVES MAKING A JUDGMENT
BASED ON HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT IT IS TO BRING
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES TO MIND.
THERE IS A PREFERENCE TO USE INFORMATION WE CAN
QUICKLY RECALL

22
Q

representative heuristic

A

THE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC INVOLVES
CATEGORISING A PERSON, OBJECT, EVENT OR ANYTHING
ELSE BY JUDGING HOW CLOSELY IT MATCHES OUR IDEA OF A
TYPICAL MEMBER OF THE CATEGORY

23
Q

affect heuristic

A

THE AFFECT HEURISTIC INVOLVES MAKING A JUDGEMENT
THAT IS INFLUENCED BY THE EMOTION BEING
EXPERIENCED AT THE TIME.
OUR CURRENT EMOTIONAL STATE, SUCH AS JOY, FEAR OR
SADNESS, PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN OUR DECISIONMAKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING.
THIS HEURISTIC TENDS TO BE USED WHEN JUDGING THE
RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SOMETHING DURING THE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

24
Q

prejudice

A

means prejudgment as it involves a judgement it is usually considered to be an attitude, but specifically people focused.

25
Q

old fashioned vs modern prejudice

A

old fashioned prejudice is where members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards
minority group are obvious and recognisable to others. e.g tend to believe
that segregation should occur in all aspects of life; including
employment, schooling and housing

modern prejudice is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group. For example, modern racial prejudice includes the belief that
First Australian people have the right to equal opportunities, but that they want more rights than anybody else and probably don’t deserve these rights.

26
Q

implicit vs explicit prejudice

A

Implicit prejudice is prejudice typically
unconsciously held; that is, the person
holding such prejudice is not usually
aware that they do so
Explicit prejudice is defined as
prejudice that is consciously held and
usually deliberately thought about. Like
old-fashioned prejudice, it is typically
openly expressed by the person holding
it and is within their control.

27
Q

discrimination

A

discrimination can take many forms for eg
ignoring people
excluding people from places or positions
bullying putting people down
in extreme cases it may be expressed in physical violence against an individual or group
genocide. Genocide being the extermination of an entire group.
discrimination involving negative or unfavourable treatment.

28
Q

direct and indirect discrimination

A

Direct discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of a
personal characteristic protected by the law.
For example, direct discrimination would occur if someone was overlooked for a job
specifically on the basis of their age commerce x, or some other relevant personal
characteristics
indirect discrimination happens when there is an unreasonable requirement, condition or
practise that disadvantages a person or a group of people, because of a personal
characteristic.
For example, if an employer refuses to allow employees to wear any head covering in the
workplace

29
Q

ways to reduce prejudice

A

Prejudice can be reduced through intergroup contact — by increasing direct contact
between two groups who are prejudiced against each other.

30
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the contact hypothesis proposes that certain types of direct contact between members of
different groups can reduce prejudice.

31
Q

mutual interdependence

A

If two rival groups who dislike and are prejudiced
against each other are placed in a contact situation
in which they are mutually interdependent - that is
dependant on each other - increases the likelihood
that the rivalry and negative stereotypes can be
broken down, reducing prejudice attitudes between
groups.

32
Q

robbers cave

A
33
Q

superordinate goals

A
34
Q

equality of status

A
35
Q

social influence

A

social influence is used to refer to the ways in which others influence us. Social influence is typically defined as the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave.

36
Q

Group polarisation

A

is the tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position (in the same general direction). As a result, the group as a whole tends to respond in more extreme ways than one would expect given the sentiments of the individual members prior to the discussion

37
Q

nature of power

A
38
Q

groupthink

A

is a way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision-making or problem-solving, thereby overriding any realistic consideration of possible alternative, better options.

Basically, groupthink involves a shift from focusing on making the best decision to focusing on reaching and maintaining agreement. This consensus-seeking effort interferes with effective group decision making.

39
Q

symptoms of groupthink

A

Illusion of invulnerability, e.g. an overestimation of the group’s ability to make a good decision due to a distorted belief that ‘everything is going to work out all right because we are a special group’

moral correctness e.g. a belief that the group will make the morally ‘right’ decision as a matter of course so there is no need to consider moral and ethical issues that may be relevant .These stem from overconfidence in the group’s prowess

40
Q

ways to prevent groupthink

A

Make group members aware of groupthink, its causes and consequences

Appoint a leader who will be impartial

The leader should actively encourage constructive criticism, objections and doubts

Use subgroups that meet separately, then come together to compare views

Invite outside experts who are not permanent members of the group to participate in the group’s meetings every so often, but at strategic times

Allow group members to discuss the group’s work with trusted associates and report reactions back to the group

Treat the group’s decision as a preliminary decision and have a follow-up meeting for group members to raise any remaining doubts about the decision.

Outside experts should attend meetings on a staggered basis and be asked to challenge the group’s views

41
Q

group polarisation

A

Group polarisation is the tendency of an individual group member, following group discussion, to shift their initially held views to a more extreme position (in the same general direction). As a result, the group as a whole tends to respond in more extreme ways than one would expect given the sentiments of the individual members prior to the discussion

42
Q

deindividualization

A

characterised by reduced
self consciousness, inhibition, feelings of personal
responsibility and inner restraint that can occur
when in a group or crowd.
It is a psychological state that can help explain the extreme behaviour of some people in groups and crowds, particularly in situations where high levels

43
Q

anonymity in a group or crowd

A

In groups or crowds when people feel anonymous or ‘invisible’
, and less accountable
for their actions, they may choose to conform to the majority which is behaving in ways they
otherwise would not

44
Q

constructive and deconstructive obedience

A

Constructive obedience occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that
results in a positive outcome.

Destructive obedience occurs when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative
outcome.
Examples of destructive obedience include soldiers obeying orders to harm innocent civilians and nurses or other
medical personnel following a doctor’s orders even when they know the doctor is mistaken

45
Q

factors affecting obedience

A

social proximity - the closeness
between two or more people

legitimacy of authority figure - An individual is also more likely to be obedient when the
authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power

group pressure- individual is also more likely to be obedient where there is
little or no group support for resisting the authority figure.

46
Q

factors affecting conformity

A

Culture
-Collectivist cultures:
Achieving group goals is more important than individual goals
-individualist cultures:
Being an individual and independent is valued

informational influence- The tendency of an individual to
make less effort when involved in
a group activity then when
working alone

Psych (4 decks)

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