Unit 2

Question 1

There are two general approaches to the SDLC

Answer 1

Predictive Approach to the SDLC

Adaptive Approach to the SDLC

Question 2

Predictive Approach to the SDLC

Answer 2

Waterfall model
Assumes the project can be planned in advance and that the information system can be developed according to the plan
Requirements are well understood and/or low technical risk

Question 3

Adaptive Approach to the SDLC

Answer 3

Iterative model
Assumes the project must be more flexible and adapt to changing needs as the project progresses
Requirements and needs are uncertain and/or high technical risk

Question 4

Traditional Predictive SDLC

Answer 4

Earlier approach based on engineering

Typically have sequential Phases
Phases are related groups of development activities, such as planning, analysis, design, implementation, and deployment

Waterfall model
SDLC that assumes phases can be completed sequentially with no overlap or iterationOnce one phase is completed, you fall over the waterfall to the next phase, no going backDeliverable Driven

Question 5

Phase I: Project Initiation

Answer 5

During project initiation, the system’s business value to the organization is identified (How will it lower costs or increase revenues?).

This phase is the fundamental process of understanding why an information system should be built

Feasibility Analysis is performed at this stage
Technical Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Organizational Feasibility

Key Deliverable: Problem Statement or Systems Proposal

Question 6

Phase II: Project Planning

Answer 6

The Planning phase will also determine how the project team will go about building the information system.

The Planning phase is composed of the following steps.
Developing a Timeline
Developing a Budget
Developing Success Criteria
Developing Process Standards

Key Deliverable: Project Plan

Question 7

Phase III: Analysis

Answer 7

The analysis phase answers the questions of who will use the system, what the system will do, and where and when it will be used.

During this phase the project team investigates any current system(s), identifies improvement opportunities, and develops a concept for the new system

Key Deliverable: Functional Specification Document

Question 8

Phase IV: Design

Answer 8

In this phases it is decided how the system will operate, in terms of the hardware, software, and network infrastructure; the user interface, forms, and reports that will be used; and the specific programs, databases, and files that will be needed.

Question 9

Phase IV: Design Cont (Steps and Deliverable?)

Answer 9

Design steps

1. Design Strategy: This clarifies whether the system will be developed by the company or outside the company.
2. Architecture Design: This describes the hardware, software, and network infrastructure that will be used.
3. Database and File Specifications: These documents define what and where the data will be stored.
4. Program Design: Defines what programs need to be written and what they will do.

Key Deliverable: Technical Design or Specification Document

Question 10

Phase V: Implementation

Answer 10

During this phase, the system is either developed or purchased (in the case of packaged software).

This phase is usually the longest and most expensive part of the process.

The phase has the following steps.
System Construction: The system is built and tested to make sure it performs as designed
Key Deliverable: The Concrete System

Question 11

Phase V: Deployment

Answer 11

During this phase, the system is deployed .
The performance is evaluated and fine tuned
Key Deliverable: Stable System

Question 12

Adaptive Approaches

Answer 12

Incremental development

Completes portions of the system in small increments and integrated as the project progresses
Sometimes considered “growing” a system
Walking Skeleton
The complete system structure is built first, but with bare-bones functionality
Examples include Prototyping, Rapid Application Development, Agile Development etc.

Question 13

Agile Development

Answer 13

A guiding philosophy and set of guidelines for developing information systems in an unknown, rapidly changing environment
Chaordic
A term for adaptive projects –chaotic yet ordered

Question 14

Agile Development (Continued)

Answer 14

Agile Values in “Manifesto for Agile Software Development”
Value responding to change over following a plan
Value individuals and interactions over processes and tools
Value working software over comprehensive documentation
Value customer collaboration over contract negotiation

Question 15

SCRUM

Answer 15

Combination of principles of Rugby and Agile
Intense effort involving the entire team for a defined period of time
Product backlog
Prioritized list of user requirements
Product owner
The client stakeholder who controls backlogScrum master
Scrum project manager

Question 16

Scrum Sprint

Answer 16

Scrum sprint

A time-controlled mini-project to implement part of the system

Question 17

Scrum Practices

Answer 17

Scope of each sprint is frozen (but can be reduced if necessary)
Time period is kept constant
Daily Scrum meeting
What have you done since the last daily Scrum (during the last 24 hours)?
What will you do by the next daily Scrum?
What kept you or is keeping you from completing your work?

Question 18

Methodologies

Answer 18

Methodologies
Provides guidelines for every facet of system development: What to do when, why and how
Specifies an SDLC with activities and tasks
Specifies project planning and project management models and reporting
Specifies analysis and design models to create
Specifies implementation and testing techniques
Specifies deployment and support techniques

Question 19

Methodologies

Answer 19

A Methodology includes a collection of techniques that are used to complete activities and tasks, including modeling, for every aspect of the project

Question 20

Models

Answer 20

Model
An abstraction of an important aspect of the real world.
Makes it possible to understand a complex concept by focusing only on a relevant part
Each model shows a different aspect of the concept
Crucial for communicating project information
In IS, some models are of system components that will be developed
Other models are used to manage the development process

Question 21

Some models of system components

Answer 21

Use Case diagram
Domain model class diagram
Design class diagram
Sequence diagram
Package diagram
Screen design template
Dialog design storyboard
Entity-relationship diagram 
Database schema

Question 22

Some models used to manage the development process

Answer 22

Gantt Chart
Organization hierarchy chart
Financial analysis models- NPV, payback period
System development life-cycle model
Stakeholders list 
Iteration plan

Question 23

Tools

Answer 23

Tools
Software applications that assists developers in creating models or other components required for a project
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
set of tools that work together to provide a comprehensive development environment
Visual ModelingTools
Tools to create graphical models

Question 24

Some typical tools

Answer 24

Project management application
Drawing/graphics application
Word processor/text editor
Visual modeling tool
IDE
Database management application 
Reverse-engineering tool
Code generator tool

Question 25

Techniques

Answer 25

Technique

A collection of guidelines that help an analyst complete an activity or task

Question 26

Learning techniques is the key to having expertise in a field

Answer 26

Strategic planning techniques
Project management techniques
User-interviewing techniques
Dat-modeling techniques
Relational database design techniques
Structured programming techniques
Software-testing techniques
Process modeling techniques
Domain modeling techniques
User case modeling techniques
Object-oriented programming techniques
Architectural design techniques
User-interface design techniques