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Biology 12 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA is:

A

The biological molecule of inheritance

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3
Q

How long is DNA code?

A

Six billion letters long

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4
Q

What are the four bases in DNA, and what are their pairings?

A

Adenine + Thymine

Guanine + Cytosine

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5
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The building blocks of DNA

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6
Q

A polymer is made of what?

A

Monomers

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7
Q

What are the sides of DNA made of?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate

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8
Q

Adenine and guanine are what?

A

Purines (2 Carbon rings)

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9
Q

Thymine and cytosine are what?

A

Pyrmidines (1 carbon ring)

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10
Q

Nucleotides are connected to one another by what?

A

Covalent bonds between the phosphate and sugar

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11
Q

When bases are paired, what holds them together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

DNA replication (the copying of DNA) occurs before what?

A

Mitosis or meiosis

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13
Q

DNA replication occurs where?

A

In the nucleus, during interphase (right before prophase)

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14
Q

What happens when DNA is replicated?

A

One half of the DNA strand is a parent strand, the other half a daughter strand (semi-conservative)

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15
Q

What does helicase do?

A

UNWINDS the DNA strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases

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16
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

BUILDS new DNA strand by “reading” the parent strand and “matching” nucleotides

17
Q

What does primase do?

A

Initializes the entire process and SETS A PATH for the polymerase to follow.

18
Q

What does ligase do?

A

GLUES Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

19
Q

What’s the first step of DNA replication?

A
  1. Origin is discovered and the strand is wound and unzipped, forming a replication fork

Note: there maybe be more than one site of origin

20
Q

What’s the second step of DNA replication?

A
  1. Single stranded bonding proteins bind to each of the DNA sides to keep the zipper unwound
21
Q

What;s the third step of DNA replication?

A
  1. Primase forms a primer or both sides of the unzipped parent DNA
22
Q

What’s the fourth step of DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA polymerase recognizes the primer and uses free nucleotides to build the new DNA strand by using the parent code
23
Q

What’s the fifth step of DNA replication?

A
  1. Covalent bonds are formed between phosphates and sugars

Note: DNA is antiparallel—therefore each strand is built differently; one is leading and the other is lagging, therefore built in small fragments

24
Q

What’s the sixth step in DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA polymerase reads the DNA 3’-5’ (building 5’-3’)
25
Q

What’s the seventh step in DNA replication?

A
  1. Ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging side
26
Q

What is required for sustaining life?

A

Proteins

27
Q

What are proteins used for after they’re broken down in digestion?

A

Proteins are rebuilt for traits

28
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

29
Q

What’s RNA?

A

A biomolecule made of nucleotides?

30
Q

What’re some differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA:

  • codes for traits
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • double helix
  • found in nucleus
  • sugar: deoxyribose

RNA:

  • used in protein synthesis
  • ribonucleic acid
  • single stranded
  • nucleus + cytoplasm
  • sugar: ribose
31
Q

What’s the difference between DNA bases and RNA bases?

A

RNA doesn’t have thymine: it has uracil

32
Q

How many types of RNA exist compared to DNA?

A

There are three types of RNA, one type of DNA

33
Q

What’s transcription? (Step 1)

A
  • DNA is transcribed into a small message (mRNA) to be carried to a ribosome
  • RNA polymerase (enzyme) is used to “read” by “matching” DNA code with RNA bases
  • mRNA is transported out of nucleus
  • single stranded mRNA leaves and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm
34
Q

What’s translation? (Step 2–cytoplasm)

A
  • mRNA moves to a ribosome made of rRNA (ribsomal RNA) where the protein is assembled
  • tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids according to its anti-codon (associated w/ tRNA)
  • mRNA holds the codons

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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