Unit 2 Flashcards
contractile vacuoles in protists
assists in water regulation
mixotrophic
autotrophic and heterotrophic
asexual reproduction in protists
mitosis
when does sexual reproduction happen in protists
when environmental conditions are unfavorable
where does supergroup fall in taxonmic hieracrhy
below domain
what are archaeplastid distinguished by
plastids
plastidd
plant and algar organelles surrounded by double membrane and contain internal membranes or vesicles
include red and green algae
archaeplastida
what are green algae most related to
land plants
supergroup includes spirogyra, chlamydomonas, volvox
archaeplastida
know what spirogyra, chlamydomonas, and volvox look like
lab book
red algae are single or multi celled
multi
life cycles of volvox
notes
conjugation
transfer genetic material from one cell to another
three groups of sar supergroup
stramenophiles
alveolates
rhizarians
stramenophiles have
plastids
alveolates have
alveoli
alveoli
small air sacs lying just under the cell membrane to support the cell surface
stramenophiles include
brown algae
diatoms
water molds
brown algae are single or multi celed
multi
brown algae have
holdfasts
stipes
airbladders
examples of brown algae
laminara
fucus
role lf diatoms in ecosytems
oxygen and food for heterotrophs create diamtameous earth
how do water molds feed
live off dead organic materials
agricultural problems caused by water molds
toxins
alveolates are single or multi celled
single
alveolates include
dinoflagellates
ciliates
apicomplexans
red tide
bloom of dinoflagellates cause water to turn red due to poisoning
ciliates are single or multi
single
how dow ciliates move
cilia
how many nuclei do ciliates have
2
types of nucleus of ciliates
macro and micro nucleus
how do ciliates reproduce sexually
conjugation
macronucleus of ciliates
undergo mitosis
type of ciliate
paramecium
apicomplexans are
parasitic
apicomplexans are also called
sporozoans
vector
transfer foreign genetic material into a cell
types of apicomplexans
plasmodium
toxoplasma
life cycle of plasmodium
notes
rhizarians are in what environment
marine
what do rhizarians have
pseudopodia
types of rhizarians
foraminiferans
radiolarians
what do foraminiferans produce
calcium carbonate test
what test do radiolarians produce
silicate test
are excavata single or multi
single
how do excavata move
flagella
what do excavata have
oral groove
oral groovew
for feeding
types of exacavata
parabasalids
diplomonads
what do parabasalids and diplomonads lack
mitochondria
example of parabasalid
trichomonas
what does trichomonas cause
std
vaginal infection
example of diplomonads
giardia
what does giardia caus
beaver fever from water
kinetiplastids contain what in their mitochondira
large masses of dna
example of kinetoplasitd
trypanosoma
what does trypanosoma cause
african sleeping sickness
chagas disease
how do amoeboza move
pseudopods
pseudopodia
extenstions of cytoplasm that allow cell to creep along
how do amoeboids feed
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
engulf whole food particles
recognize the protists in lab
lab
example of disease causing amoeboza
entamoeba histolyica
type of amoeboza
slime molds
what is included in opisthokonta
animals and fungi
unicelluar membrans of opisthokonta
chaonoflagellates
nuclerariids
saprotriphs
absorb food
mycelium
tangled mass of hyphal filament
body of fungus
hyphae
filament of vegetative body
septa
cella may be separated by incomplete cell walls
septate fungi
fungi with septa
non septate fungi
fungi eithout septa
chitin
material of fungal cell wall
dikaryotic
2 nuclei from 2 parent
spore
asexual reproductive/resting crll capable of developing into a new organism without fusion
life cycle of fungus
notes
what phylum does chytrid fungi belong to
chytridomycota
environment of chytrid fungi
aquatic
what do chytrid gametes and spores have
flagella
can chytrids be parasitic
on plants
what has one species of chytrids causes
amphibian decline
spored that chytrid form
zoospores
example of zygospore fungi
bread mold rhizopus
life cycle of rhizopus
notes
sporangium
produce spores
gametangium
produce gametes
zygospore
thick walled resting cell formed by sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi
sac fungi phylum
ascomycota
unicellar sac fungi
yeast
how does yeast reproduce
budding
life cycle of sac fungi
notes
examples of sac fungi
peziza
aspergillus
penicillium
am fungi phylum
glomeromycota
am fungi symbiotic relationshipsneith
plants
phylum of club funig
basidomycota
examples of basidomycota
mushrooms puffballs shelf fungi birds next fungi toadstools stinkhorsn
life cycle of club fungus
notes
basidomycota that parasitize crops
rusts
smuts
what forms lichens
algae and fungus
three types of lichen
crustose - crust
fructose-
foliosd- leaf life
why are lichens good indicator organsisms
can tell something is wrong with water, air, fungus, dirt, etc
why are lichens good colonizers
can start over after natural diasters
mycorrhizae
fungus and plants
endomycorrhizae
fungal hyphae grow into plant cell wall but not the cytoplasm
ectomycorrhizae
fungal hypae grows between cell walls and forms a mantle
type of symbiosis mycorrihizae demostrates
mutualistic
what each partner contributes in mycorrhizae
plants provide food
fungus increas root surface and improve mineral absorption
evidence for green alage ancenstry
morphological and molecular info
algae most closely related to land plants
charophytes
example of green algae
charo
general life cycle of plant
notes
sporophye
produce spores
gametophyte
produce gametes
antheridium
sperm producing
archegonium
egg producing
spore
asexual reproductive part
dominat generation
mature part of plant
cuticle
outer covering to preserve water loss
stomata
pore for gas exchange
apical tissue
rapidly dividing cells
primary growth
examples of bryphytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
which environment is bryophytes restricted to
moist
why are bryophytes only in moist places
covered by cuticle
flagellated sperm
gemmae
detach and start new plant
rhizoids
hairlike structures on roots to assist in anchoring plants and aborbs water
largest group of bryophytes
mosses
life cycle of moss
notes
slides of moss
lab
members of lycophytes
club moss
spike moss
do lycophytes have vascular tissue
yes
types of vascular tissue
xylem
phloem
xylem
transports water
phloem
transports nutrients
microphylls
leaves that contains one bundle of vascular tissue
rhizome
branching underground stem
sporophys
spore producig
strobili
microphylls bearing sporangia and are group into club shaped
parts of club moss
notes
members of oteridophytes
ferns
horsetails
whisk ferns
ptetidophyes also known as
seedless vascular plants
mircophylls
single unbranched leaf
megaps
broad leaves with multiple strands ld vasuclar tissue
where do horsetails live
moist
what do horsetails stems contain
silica
parts of whisk fern
notes
example of whisk fern
psiltum
parts of horsetail
notes
example of horsetail
equisteum
megaphys lf ferns
fronds
divisin of fronds
leaflets
sori
sporangia in clusters
under fronds
life cycle of ferns
notes
why are ferns in mosit placesw
flagellated sperm
whats in a see
embryo
food
purpose of seed coat
protectionr
heterosporous
produce 2 types of spores
homosporousd
produce only one spore
pollenw
male sporophyte
pollination
pollen grain contacts female gametophye by wind or pollinator
pollen tube
passage for sperm to egg
ovule
contains female gametophye
devdlops into seed
gymnosperms
naked seed
ovule not enclosed by sporiphye tissue
angiosperm
vessel seed
ovule surrounded by sporophye tissue
becomes fruit
monoecious
produce male and female gametes on same plante
dioecious
only male or female
megaspore
female gametophyte
archegonium
microspores
male gametophytes
why are conifers in dry places
thick cuticle
recessed stomata deeper in leaves
needle like leaves
life cycle of conifer
notes
where are cycads
tropical
conifers are diocious
true
how are conifers pollen spread
insects
where are ginkgo native to
china
three genera of gnetophyres
gnetum
ephedra
welwitschia
gymnosperms most closely relaated to angio sperms
gnetophyres
why sre angiosperms important
widespread
provide habitat
human diet
provide clothes, housing, meds
two groups of angiosperms
monocot
eudicot
cotyledom
seed leaf
stored food for embryo
one cotyledon
monocotr
flower parts in 3
monocot
pollen grain with 1 pore
monocot
visually herbaceous
monocot
parallel veination
monocot
scattered bundles in stem
monocot
fibrous root system
monocot
two coryledoms
eudicot
flower parts in 4 or 5
eudicot
pollen grain with 3 pores
eudicot
woody or herbaceuous
eudicot
net veination
eudicot
vadcular bundles in a ring
eudicot
taproot system
eudicot
label clower
notes
complete
include sepal, petals, stamens, carpels
incomplete
lacks 1 of 4 parts
perfect
has stamen and carpel
imperfect
has stamen or capel bur not both
infolorescence
cluster of flowers
composite
appears to be single flowe but is a group of tiny flowers
life cycle of angiosperms
notes
purpose of fruit
seed dispersal
function of parts of plantsw
notes
two systems of plants
root
shoot
five functions of roots
water absorption anchor produce growth hormone store food surivie winter
tap root
straight root straight down
lateral root
roots attached to tap root
fibrous root system
no one root is promient
where are fibrous roots
monocots
node
branch or leaf attached
internode
region between nodes
axillary bud
produce mew leaves
functions of stems
support leaves
increase shoot length
transport water and nutrients
can store water and nutrients
deciduious
annual leave shedding
apical meristem
primary growth
length stem or root
root or stem
later meristem
woody plants
secondary growth
girth
pericermw
protective tissue that replaces epidemris
cork
outer covering of bark
cork cambiumw
lateral meristem that produces cork
stomata
opening for gas exchange
guard cells
open and close stomata
root hairs
cover roots for water aborption
trichomes
hair from epidermis
types of ground tissue
parenchyma
collenchyms
solernchyma
parenchyma
most abundant
least specialized
organs
collenchyma
thick walls
support immature plant reguons
scelerenchyma
liginin cell walla
gives support to mature parts
tracheids
seprated by pits
vessels
separated by pores
found only in angiosperms
tube cells in ploema also called
sieve tube members
contains nucleus and genetic material in phloems
companion cells
structure of root
notes
root nodules
nitrogen fixing bacteria
prop roots
extra support
aboveground
pneumatrophores
gas filled chambers
terminal bud
bud develops at apex of shoot
shoot apical meristem
actively dividing ebryonic cells at shoot
vascular cambium
lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and xylem
ground meristem
pith and cortex
proterderm
epidermis
procambium
vascular tissue
herbaceuous stems
only primary growth
woody stems
primary and secondary growth
wood
annula rings of xylem
annual rings made of
secondary xylem
advantage of woody
grow taller
long life
disadvantage of woody
more energy
defesne mechanisms
stolinw
horizontal stems
rhizome
underground horizontal stems
asexual reproduction
tuber
enlarged rhizomes
corm
stem covered in papery leaves
leaf structure
notes
difderencr in leaf types
notes
angiosperm life cycle
notes
parts of flower
notes
inflorescence
group or cluster of flowers arranged on stem
fertilization
sperm contacts egg
diagram of mega and mirco
notes
self pollination
pollinate on same plant
cross pollination
pollinate on dif plants
bee pollinated
blue and yellow
sweet smell
suck uo nectar on tube
needs platforms
moth of butterfly
white or yellow or pink or red (bf)
sweet or no smells
deep tube
needs flat platform for bf but moths dont
hummingbrid
red
little ordor
slender tube
no platform
why angiosperms have flowers and fruits
easy dispersal
hypocotyl
root axis
epicotyl
shoot apical meristem
pericarp
thickened ovary s
exocarp
putermost layer of skin on fruit
mesocarp
fleshy tissue between exo and endo carp
endocarp
boundary around seeds
animal dispesal
eaten
droped on ground to be burries
attahhed to animals
wind dispersal
open areas
have wings or parachutes
thin and light
tumbleweed
water diserosal
heavy seed with air pockets or oils
hit by raindrops and scatter seeds- splace cup disersal
self disersal
weakened tissues at slightest tissue
explsive fruit ruptures when ripes and release seeds
fruit types
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