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Bio 202 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

how organisms interact with each other and environment

interactions drive evolutionary change

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2
Q

ecological levels

A

organismal
poplulation
community
ecosystem

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3
Q

organismal level

A

organisms

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4
Q

population level

A

group of organisms of same species living together in same place & reproducing

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5
Q

community level

A

all of different populations that live in the same area

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6
Q

ecosystem level

A

all living and nonliving things interacting together in an area

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7
Q

number of individuals in an are

A

population density

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8
Q

patter of dispersal of individuals across the area

A

population distribution

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9
Q

highest possible growth rate for a population

A

biotic potential

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10
Q

indicates the number of individuals in a cohort that are still living over time

A

survivorship curves

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11
Q

first curve

A

death comes late
large mammals
(pic)

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12
Q

second curvd

A

death unrelated to age
birds, lizards, rodents
(pic)

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13
Q

third curve

A

death comes early
non rodent small mammals, fish, invertebrates
(pic)

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14
Q

number of individuals added to population increase in each generation

A

exponential growth

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15
Q

produces j shaped curve

cannot comtinue indefinitely

A

exponential

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16
Q

limited by environmental factors

A

logisitical growth

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17
Q

includes lag phase, exponential growth, and deceleration

A

logistical growth

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18
Q

produces s shaped curve

carrying capacity

A

logistical curve

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19
Q

max number of individuals of species the environment can support

A

carrying capacitt

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20
Q

r strategists

A

opportunistic species

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21
Q

organisms are generalists and colonizers

A

opportunistic

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22
Q

populations stays in lag or exponential growth stage

A

opportunistic

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23
Q

k strategists

A

equilibrium species

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24
Q

organisms are strong competitors and tend to be specialists

A

equilibrium species

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25
Q

abiotic fsctors that affect the population the same regardless lf population density

ex: natural disasters

A

density independent factors

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26
Q

biotic factors that have more impact on higher density populations

ex: competition and predation

A

density dependent factors

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27
Q

same number of species in an area

A

species richness

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28
Q

equal distribution of different species

A

species diveesity

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29
Q

place or home of organism

A

niche

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30
Q

what organism could do if there was no competition

A

fundamental niche

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31
Q

what they do to avoid competition with other species

A

realized niche

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32
Q

limited in diet

A

specialist

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33
Q

diverse diet

A

generalist

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34
Q

specific habitat requirements

A

specialists

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35
Q

live in variety of habitats

A

generalists

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36
Q

dont tolerate change well

A

specialist

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37
Q

can tolerate change

A

generalists

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38
Q

has a narrow nich

A

specialists

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39
Q

has a broad niche

A

generalists

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40
Q

mechanism that increase number of niches by dividing the resource such as food or living space between species

A

resource partitioning

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41
Q

theory that 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place at same time
compete for habitats

A

competitive exclusion principle

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42
Q

defense mechanism

A 
camo
warning colors
startle response
mimicry
evasive actions
flocking/schooling
playing dead
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43
Q

symbiotic relationships

A

parasitism
commensalism
mutalism

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44
Q

parasite benefits

host affected

A

parasitism

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45
Q

postive for one party

neutral for other

A

commensalism

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46
Q

both parties benefit

A

mutalism

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47
Q

process which symbiotics relationships develop

2 species pressure imposed by one another

A

coevolution

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48
Q

relationship between coevolution and symbiosis

A

symbiosis is a result of coevolution

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49
Q

gradual change in makeup of community following disturbance or begin with new soil

A

ecologicsl succession

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50
Q

formation of new soil from exposed rock due to abiotic factors

A

primary succession

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51
Q

disturbance bases which there is progressive change from grasses to shrubs to mixture

A

secondary sucession

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52
Q

self feeders

capture energy and synthesize organic from inorganic

A

autotrophs

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53
Q

plant eaters

A

herbivores

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54
Q

perform photosynthesis for food

A

producers

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55
Q

meat eaters

A

carnivores

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56
Q

eat actual food
cannot synthesize
must take in organic food

A

heterotrophs

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57
Q

eat bits of decaying organic matter

A

detritivores

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58
Q

break organic molecules into inorganic components

A

decomposers

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59
Q

takes in organic food

A

consumer

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60
Q

which resource flows one way through the ecosystem

A

heat

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61
Q

which resource cycles through ecosystem

A

nutrients

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62
Q

how much energy is lost at each trophic level

A

90%

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63
Q

based on photosynthetic plants or algae

A

grazing food web

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64
Q

based on decomposers and dead material

A

detrital food web

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65
Q

four biogeochemical cycles

A

water
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus

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66
Q

nonliving factors

A

abiotic

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67
Q

living factors

A

biotic

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68
Q

look at pics of cycles

A

in notes

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69
Q

varity of lofe in earth

A

biodiversity

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70
Q

species that is likely to become endangered in the future

A

threatened species

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71
Q

species in peril of immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range

A

emdangered species

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72
Q

what organization manages endangered species in US

A

fish and wildlife services

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73
Q

organisms at most risk of extinction in US

A

plants

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74
Q

importance of genetic diversity for healthy species

A

some individuals can survive better due to environmental changes

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75
Q

habitats that contain a large concentration of species

A

biological hotspots

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76
Q

causes of extinction

A 
habitat loss
exotic/invasive species
pollution
climate change
overexploitation
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77
Q

any non native species

A

exotic species

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78
Q

any exotic species that takes over a new habitat and drives out native species

A

invasive species

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79
Q

how can invasive species be introduced

A

human colonization
escape
accidental transport

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80
Q

types of pollution

A

acid rain
eutrophication
organic chemicals
climate change

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81
Q

absorbs uv radiation from sun

A

ozone

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82
Q

where is ozone hole

A

south pole

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83
Q

how did ozone hole form

A

chlorofluour carbons break it down

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84
Q

affects of ozone hole

A

planktons are affected
land plants health decline
human and animals = eye problems and skin cancer

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85
Q

substances that contribute to acid rain

A

nitrogen oxides
sulfur dioxides
earths acids

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86
Q

how is acid rain prodiced

A

burning of fossil fuels

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87
Q

substances that contribute to cultural eutrophication

A

nitrates
phosphates
ammonia

88
Q

where does cultural eutrophication come from

A

fields
sewage plants
fertilizers

89
Q

how can cultural eutrophication affect bodies of water

A

robs it off oxygen

90
Q

what causes salinity increase in water and soil

A

salt from roads
agriculture
sewers

91
Q

area of land that drains into a common outlet

A

watershed

92
Q

anaerobic
gram negative
rod shaped bacteria found in instestines of warm blooded animals

A

fecal coliform bacteria

93
Q

why measure fecal coliform bacteria

A

unsafe amounts cause diseases

94
Q

purpose of allium test

A

determine how polluntsnts affect growth and development of organisms

95
Q

absence lf hard surfaces, precipitation, and melt water seep into ground

A

infilteration

96
Q

precipitation and melt water runs across surfaces and enters sewers that dump into rivers, lakes, and streams

A

run offs

97
Q

shallow drainage courses filled with native, deep rooted vegetarion

A

bioswale

98
Q

design uses filteration properties of plants and soil to reduce run offs

A

green roofs

99
Q

what does CITES stand for

A

convention of international trade of endangered species

100
Q

play critical role in ecosystem

A

keyston species

101
Q

provoke an emotional response

A

flagship species

102
Q

edges around landscape patch provide different habitat than the favorable interior

A

edge effect

103
Q

breaking of habitats

A

habitat fragmentation

104
Q

what does the EPA protect

A 
air
water
land
endangered species
hazordous waste amd toxic substances
105
Q

darwins trip on HMS Beagle

A

animals are dif from england
plants and animals evolve
earth is very old
natural selection

106
Q

taxonmist developed the bionomial system of nomenclature

A

car linneaus

107
Q

said every species has a perfect form

A

plato

108
Q

saw that organisms vary in complexity and can be arranged on order of increasing complexitiy

A

aristotles

109
Q

known as count buffton
wrote about all known plants and animals
environmental influence

A

leclerc

110
Q

suggested evolution based on botany and zoology
changes in animals during development
vestigial structures

A

erasmus darwin

111
Q

used comparative anatomy to develop system of classifying animals
founded palentology

A

cuvier

112
Q

geogologists that suggested a gradual processes change the environment
earth was very old

A

hutton

113
Q

wrote an essay on the principle of population

impact of limited resources

A

malthus

114
Q

proposed inheritance of aquired characteristics

A

lamark

115
Q

independently discovered the process of natural selection

A

ar wallace

116
Q

stages lf evolution based on natural selection

A

organisms exhibit variation that can be passed from one generation to the next

compete for available resources

individuals in a population differ in terms of reproductive success

become adapted to conditions as environmemt changes

117
Q

evidence darwin gathered to support natural selection

A

galapagos island
finches
turtles

118
Q

how evolutionary change can be studied

A

fossil record
homology
vestigal structures
biochemical evidence

119
Q

change in gene frequencies between populations

A

microevolutionr

120
Q

study of gene frequencies and their changed within a population

A

population genetics

121
Q

alleles of all genes and it all individuals of a population

A

gene pool

122
Q

change to the DNA sequence

A

mutation

123
Q

p =

A

frequency of dominant allele

124
Q

q=

A

frequency of recessive allele

125
Q

hardy weinberg equation

A

p+q=1

p2+2pq+q2=1

126
Q

individual choose a mate with preferred trait

A

assortstive mating

127
Q

extreme phenotype is favored

bacterial population

A

direction selection

128
Q

sharp reduction in size of population due to environmental or human changes

A

bottleneck affect

129
Q

loss of genetic variation when new population os established by a small population from a large ome

A

founder effect

130
Q

controlled by multiple genes

A

polygenic traits

131
Q

when memebers of one sex choose mates based on particular traits

A

sexual selection

132
Q

sharing genes between 2 populations

A

gene flow

133
Q

intermediate phenotype is favored

more or less than expected will survive better

A

stablizing selection

134
Q

two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype

snails: wild habitat with low food

A

disruptive selection

135
Q

mating between closely related imdividuals

influence genotypes ratio of gene pool

prevents evolution

A

interbreeding

136
Q

differences in physical appearance between males and females

A

sexual dimorphism

137
Q

prevents interbreeding

first stage im forming new species

A

reproductive isolation

138
Q

random changes in allelic frequencies of a populationw

A

genetic drift

139
Q

know diagrams of seletion

A

pic

140
Q

when individuals with heterozygote genotype survive better amd reproduce more than either homozygous

A

heterozygote advantage

141
Q

large scale evolutionary change vs micro allele frequenciesw

A

macroevolution

142
Q

defintion of species that defines slecies by specific diagnostic traits

A

morphological

143
Q

analysis of phylogenetic tree to determine common ancestor

A

phylogenetic

144
Q

relies primarily on reproductive isolation

A

biological

145
Q

concept to explain speciation in fossil record

A

evolutionary

146
Q

anatomical
physiological
behavioral difference
prevents mating

A

prezygotic isolation

147
Q

anatomical or physiological differences

prevents mating

A

post zygotic isolation

148
Q

two species in different habitat less likely to mate

flycatchers

A

habitat isolation

149
Q

reproduce at different times

frogs

A

temporal isolation

150
Q

females and males recognize each other

A

behavioral isolation

151
Q

genaralia are incompatible

dragon flies

A

mechanical isolation

152
Q

two different gametes wont fusew

A

gamete isolation

153
Q

offspring of two different species

A

hybrid

154
Q

new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations geographically separated

A

allopatric speciation

155
Q

speciation withoit geographic barrier

A

sympatric speciation

156
Q

similarity in structure in distantly related groups due to similar selective pressures

A

concergent evolution

157
Q

similar in function but not related to ancestry

different in anatomy

A

analogous structures

158
Q

similar structure related in ancestry

A

homolgous structures

159
Q

speciation occurs after populations become isolated

slow evolutionary pathway

A

gradualistc model

160
Q

flucuating pace of evolution

A

puncutated equlilbrium

161
Q

genes that bring radical changes in body shapes and organs

A

developmental genes

162
Q

study of history of biodiversity

A

systematics

163
Q

process of identifying, naming and organizing biodiversity into related categories

A

taxonomy

164
Q

evolutionary family tree

A

phylogeny

165
Q

2 part latin name to categorize a species

A

binominal nomenclature

166
Q

theee domains

A

archaea
eukarya
bacteria

167
Q

taxonmic groups in order

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
speices
168
Q

domain euakrya is most related to which domaim

A

archaea

169
Q

archaea live where

A 
extreme environments
low oxygen
salty watter
high temps
high acid
170
Q

features present in common ancestor of group

A

ancestral traits

171
Q

features arose later descendants but not present of ancestor

A

derived traits

172
Q

branching diagram shows different relatiin groups and shows derived traits

A

cladogram

173
Q

evolutionaly lineage consisting of an ancestral soecies and its descendants

A

clade

174
Q

simplest solution in analysis of evolutionary relationships

A

parisomony

175
Q

taxon that is not part of the group whose relationship is being studues

A

outgrouo

176
Q

group being studied in cladistics

A

ingrouo

177
Q

sources of traits used today to study evolutionary relationships

A 
fossil traits
morphological traits
behavioral
molecular
protein comparison
molecular clocks
178
Q

fossil traits

A

can be dated

cant tell if its extinct

179
Q

morphological trits

A

homolgous features

180
Q

behavioral traits

A

related soecies share common behaviors

181
Q

molecular traits

A

looks for dna sequencing

codes for proteins

182
Q

protein comparison

A

amino acid sequencing

183
Q

molecular clocks

A

nucleic acid changes that are neutral (not natural selection)

184
Q

why are virsues not considered living

A

lack fossilization and difficult history

185
Q

how are viruses categorized

A

size and shape
type of nucleic acid
presence or abscence outer envelope

186
Q

structure of virus

A

pic

187
Q

lytic and lysogenic cycles

A

pic

188
Q

viruses that attack bacterial cells

A

bacteriophages

189
Q

retroviruses contian what

A

reverse transcriptase

190
Q

capable of coverting their rna genome into dna copy

A

rna transcriptase

191
Q

infectious strand of rna developed of capsid

smaller than virus

A

viroid

192
Q

infectious particle of protein only

misfolds proteins

A

prion

193
Q

living organisms can emerge from non living things

A

spontaneous generation

194
Q

pasteurs experiment

A

bacteria in the air contaminate a broth

195
Q

location of bacterial chromosome

A

nucleoid

196
Q

hairlike bristles that allow adhesion

A

fimbriae

197
Q

accesseory ring of dna

A

plasmids

198
Q

two bacteria join via this

A

conjugation pilis

199
Q

two bacteria join via conjugation pilis and one cell donates dna to the other

A

conjugation

200
Q

splitting of parent cell into two daughter cells and severes as asexual form of reproduction in bacteria

A

binary fission

201
Q

cell picks up free pieces of dna

A

transformation

202
Q

when bacteriophages carry portions of dna from one bacterial cell to another

A

transduction

203
Q

has a thin peptidoglycan wall
blocks drugs
pink/red

A

gram negative

204
Q

has a thick peptidoglycan wall

purple

A

gram postive

205
Q

prokaryote unable to grow im oxygen

A

obligate anaerobe

206
Q

prokaryote able to grow with or without oxygen

A

faculative anaerobe

207
Q

spore formed within a cell from bacteria

A

endospore

208
Q

how does cyanobacteria produce food

A

photosytheiss in thylakoid membrane

209
Q

know types of cyanobacteria

A

pic

210
Q

spiral of helical shaped bacteria

A

spirilum

211
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

bacillus

212
Q

round shaped bacteria

A

coccus

213
Q

how archae differs from bacteria

A

rna sequences
structure of cell membrane
different cell wall structures

214
Q

obligate anaerobes found in swamps, marshes, instenstines

chemoautotrophs that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane and produce ATO

A

methanogens

215
Q

high salt environments, ocean, lakes, soil

aerobic chemoheterotrophs that carry out photosynthesis without oxygen

A

halophiles

216
Q

hot and acidic environments, hot springs, geysers, thermal vents, volcanos

anerobic chemoautotrophs and use H2 and Sulfur in electron transport chains

A

thermoacidophiles

Bio 202 (3 decks)

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