Unit 1 Flashcards
ecology
how organisms interact with each other and environment
interactions drive evolutionary change
ecological levels
organismal
poplulation
community
ecosystem
organismal level
organisms
population level
group of organisms of same species living together in same place & reproducing
community level
all of different populations that live in the same area
ecosystem level
all living and nonliving things interacting together in an area
number of individuals in an are
population density
patter of dispersal of individuals across the area
population distribution
highest possible growth rate for a population
biotic potential
indicates the number of individuals in a cohort that are still living over time
survivorship curves
first curve
death comes late
large mammals
(pic)
second curvd
death unrelated to age
birds, lizards, rodents
(pic)
third curve
death comes early
non rodent small mammals, fish, invertebrates
(pic)
number of individuals added to population increase in each generation
exponential growth
produces j shaped curve
cannot comtinue indefinitely
exponential
limited by environmental factors
logisitical growth
includes lag phase, exponential growth, and deceleration
logistical growth
produces s shaped curve
carrying capacity
logistical curve
max number of individuals of species the environment can support
carrying capacitt
r strategists
opportunistic species
organisms are generalists and colonizers
opportunistic
populations stays in lag or exponential growth stage
opportunistic
k strategists
equilibrium species
organisms are strong competitors and tend to be specialists
equilibrium species
abiotic fsctors that affect the population the same regardless lf population density
ex: natural disasters
density independent factors
biotic factors that have more impact on higher density populations
ex: competition and predation
density dependent factors
same number of species in an area
species richness
equal distribution of different species
species diveesity
place or home of organism
niche
what organism could do if there was no competition
fundamental niche
what they do to avoid competition with other species
realized niche
limited in diet
specialist
diverse diet
generalist
specific habitat requirements
specialists
live in variety of habitats
generalists
dont tolerate change well
specialist
can tolerate change
generalists
has a narrow nich
specialists
has a broad niche
generalists
mechanism that increase number of niches by dividing the resource such as food or living space between species
resource partitioning
theory that 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place at same time
compete for habitats
competitive exclusion principle
defense mechanism
camo warning colors startle response mimicry evasive actions flocking/schooling playing dead
symbiotic relationships
parasitism
commensalism
mutalism
parasite benefits
host affected
parasitism
postive for one party
neutral for other
commensalism
both parties benefit
mutalism
process which symbiotics relationships develop
2 species pressure imposed by one another
coevolution
relationship between coevolution and symbiosis
symbiosis is a result of coevolution
gradual change in makeup of community following disturbance or begin with new soil
ecologicsl succession
formation of new soil from exposed rock due to abiotic factors
primary succession
disturbance bases which there is progressive change from grasses to shrubs to mixture
secondary sucession
self feeders
capture energy and synthesize organic from inorganic
autotrophs
plant eaters
herbivores
perform photosynthesis for food
producers
meat eaters
carnivores
eat actual food
cannot synthesize
must take in organic food
heterotrophs
eat bits of decaying organic matter
detritivores
break organic molecules into inorganic components
decomposers
takes in organic food
consumer
which resource flows one way through the ecosystem
heat
which resource cycles through ecosystem
nutrients
how much energy is lost at each trophic level
90%
based on photosynthetic plants or algae
grazing food web
based on decomposers and dead material
detrital food web
four biogeochemical cycles
water
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
nonliving factors
abiotic
living factors
biotic
look at pics of cycles
in notes
varity of lofe in earth
biodiversity
species that is likely to become endangered in the future
threatened species
species in peril of immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range
emdangered species
what organization manages endangered species in US
fish and wildlife services
organisms at most risk of extinction in US
plants
importance of genetic diversity for healthy species
some individuals can survive better due to environmental changes
habitats that contain a large concentration of species
biological hotspots
causes of extinction
habitat loss exotic/invasive species pollution climate change overexploitation
any non native species
exotic species
any exotic species that takes over a new habitat and drives out native species
invasive species
how can invasive species be introduced
human colonization
escape
accidental transport
types of pollution
acid rain
eutrophication
organic chemicals
climate change
absorbs uv radiation from sun
ozone
where is ozone hole
south pole
how did ozone hole form
chlorofluour carbons break it down
affects of ozone hole
planktons are affected
land plants health decline
human and animals = eye problems and skin cancer
substances that contribute to acid rain
nitrogen oxides
sulfur dioxides
earths acids
how is acid rain prodiced
burning of fossil fuels
substances that contribute to cultural eutrophication
nitrates
phosphates
ammonia
where does cultural eutrophication come from
fields
sewage plants
fertilizers
how can cultural eutrophication affect bodies of water
robs it off oxygen
what causes salinity increase in water and soil
salt from roads
agriculture
sewers
area of land that drains into a common outlet
watershed
anaerobic
gram negative
rod shaped bacteria found in instestines of warm blooded animals
fecal coliform bacteria
why measure fecal coliform bacteria
unsafe amounts cause diseases
purpose of allium test
determine how polluntsnts affect growth and development of organisms
absence lf hard surfaces, precipitation, and melt water seep into ground
infilteration
precipitation and melt water runs across surfaces and enters sewers that dump into rivers, lakes, and streams
run offs
shallow drainage courses filled with native, deep rooted vegetarion
bioswale
design uses filteration properties of plants and soil to reduce run offs
green roofs
what does CITES stand for
convention of international trade of endangered species
play critical role in ecosystem
keyston species
provoke an emotional response
flagship species
edges around landscape patch provide different habitat than the favorable interior
edge effect
breaking of habitats
habitat fragmentation
what does the EPA protect
air water land endangered species hazordous waste amd toxic substances
darwins trip on HMS Beagle
animals are dif from england
plants and animals evolve
earth is very old
natural selection
taxonmist developed the bionomial system of nomenclature
car linneaus
said every species has a perfect form
plato
saw that organisms vary in complexity and can be arranged on order of increasing complexitiy
aristotles
known as count buffton
wrote about all known plants and animals
environmental influence
leclerc
suggested evolution based on botany and zoology
changes in animals during development
vestigial structures
erasmus darwin
used comparative anatomy to develop system of classifying animals
founded palentology
cuvier
geogologists that suggested a gradual processes change the environment
earth was very old
hutton
wrote an essay on the principle of population
impact of limited resources
malthus
proposed inheritance of aquired characteristics
lamark
independently discovered the process of natural selection
ar wallace
stages lf evolution based on natural selection
organisms exhibit variation that can be passed from one generation to the next
compete for available resources
individuals in a population differ in terms of reproductive success
become adapted to conditions as environmemt changes
evidence darwin gathered to support natural selection
galapagos island
finches
turtles
how evolutionary change can be studied
fossil record
homology
vestigal structures
biochemical evidence
change in gene frequencies between populations
microevolutionr
study of gene frequencies and their changed within a population
population genetics
alleles of all genes and it all individuals of a population
gene pool
change to the DNA sequence
mutation
p =
frequency of dominant allele
q=
frequency of recessive allele
hardy weinberg equation
p+q=1
p2+2pq+q2=1
individual choose a mate with preferred trait
assortstive mating
extreme phenotype is favored
bacterial population
direction selection
sharp reduction in size of population due to environmental or human changes
bottleneck affect
loss of genetic variation when new population os established by a small population from a large ome
founder effect
controlled by multiple genes
polygenic traits
when memebers of one sex choose mates based on particular traits
sexual selection
sharing genes between 2 populations
gene flow
intermediate phenotype is favored
more or less than expected will survive better
stablizing selection
two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype
snails: wild habitat with low food
disruptive selection
mating between closely related imdividuals
influence genotypes ratio of gene pool
prevents evolution
interbreeding
differences in physical appearance between males and females
sexual dimorphism
prevents interbreeding
first stage im forming new species
reproductive isolation
random changes in allelic frequencies of a populationw
genetic drift
know diagrams of seletion
pic
when individuals with heterozygote genotype survive better amd reproduce more than either homozygous
heterozygote advantage
large scale evolutionary change vs micro allele frequenciesw
macroevolution
defintion of species that defines slecies by specific diagnostic traits
morphological
analysis of phylogenetic tree to determine common ancestor
phylogenetic
relies primarily on reproductive isolation
biological
concept to explain speciation in fossil record
evolutionary
anatomical
physiological
behavioral difference
prevents mating
prezygotic isolation
anatomical or physiological differences
prevents mating
post zygotic isolation
two species in different habitat less likely to mate
flycatchers
habitat isolation
reproduce at different times
frogs
temporal isolation
females and males recognize each other
behavioral isolation
genaralia are incompatible
dragon flies
mechanical isolation
two different gametes wont fusew
gamete isolation
offspring of two different species
hybrid
new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations geographically separated
allopatric speciation
speciation withoit geographic barrier
sympatric speciation
similarity in structure in distantly related groups due to similar selective pressures
concergent evolution
similar in function but not related to ancestry
different in anatomy
analogous structures
similar structure related in ancestry
homolgous structures
speciation occurs after populations become isolated
slow evolutionary pathway
gradualistc model
flucuating pace of evolution
puncutated equlilbrium
genes that bring radical changes in body shapes and organs
developmental genes
study of history of biodiversity
systematics
process of identifying, naming and organizing biodiversity into related categories
taxonomy
evolutionary family tree
phylogeny
2 part latin name to categorize a species
binominal nomenclature
theee domains
archaea
eukarya
bacteria
taxonmic groups in order
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus speices
domain euakrya is most related to which domaim
archaea
archaea live where
extreme environments low oxygen salty watter high temps high acid
features present in common ancestor of group
ancestral traits
features arose later descendants but not present of ancestor
derived traits
branching diagram shows different relatiin groups and shows derived traits
cladogram
evolutionaly lineage consisting of an ancestral soecies and its descendants
clade
simplest solution in analysis of evolutionary relationships
parisomony
taxon that is not part of the group whose relationship is being studues
outgrouo
group being studied in cladistics
ingrouo
sources of traits used today to study evolutionary relationships
fossil traits morphological traits behavioral molecular protein comparison molecular clocks
fossil traits
can be dated
cant tell if its extinct
morphological trits
homolgous features
behavioral traits
related soecies share common behaviors
molecular traits
looks for dna sequencing
codes for proteins
protein comparison
amino acid sequencing
molecular clocks
nucleic acid changes that are neutral (not natural selection)
why are virsues not considered living
lack fossilization and difficult history
how are viruses categorized
size and shape
type of nucleic acid
presence or abscence outer envelope
structure of virus
pic
lytic and lysogenic cycles
pic
viruses that attack bacterial cells
bacteriophages
retroviruses contian what
reverse transcriptase
capable of coverting their rna genome into dna copy
rna transcriptase
infectious strand of rna developed of capsid
smaller than virus
viroid
infectious particle of protein only
misfolds proteins
prion
living organisms can emerge from non living things
spontaneous generation
pasteurs experiment
bacteria in the air contaminate a broth
location of bacterial chromosome
nucleoid
hairlike bristles that allow adhesion
fimbriae
accesseory ring of dna
plasmids
two bacteria join via this
conjugation pilis
two bacteria join via conjugation pilis and one cell donates dna to the other
conjugation
splitting of parent cell into two daughter cells and severes as asexual form of reproduction in bacteria
binary fission
cell picks up free pieces of dna
transformation
when bacteriophages carry portions of dna from one bacterial cell to another
transduction
has a thin peptidoglycan wall
blocks drugs
pink/red
gram negative
has a thick peptidoglycan wall
purple
gram postive
prokaryote unable to grow im oxygen
obligate anaerobe
prokaryote able to grow with or without oxygen
faculative anaerobe
spore formed within a cell from bacteria
endospore
how does cyanobacteria produce food
photosytheiss in thylakoid membrane
know types of cyanobacteria
pic
spiral of helical shaped bacteria
spirilum
rod shaped bacteria
bacillus
round shaped bacteria
coccus
how archae differs from bacteria
rna sequences
structure of cell membrane
different cell wall structures
obligate anaerobes found in swamps, marshes, instenstines
chemoautotrophs that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane and produce ATO
methanogens
high salt environments, ocean, lakes, soil
aerobic chemoheterotrophs that carry out photosynthesis without oxygen
halophiles
hot and acidic environments, hot springs, geysers, thermal vents, volcanos
anerobic chemoautotrophs and use H2 and Sulfur in electron transport chains
thermoacidophiles
