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Cell Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose for a promoter?

A

Sequence for the binding of RNA polymerase

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2
Q

What are sites for binding of gene regulatory proteins

A

Regulatory DNA sequences

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3
Q

_______ __________ proteins bind to the regulatory DNA sequences and used to turn Genes on and off

A

Gene regulatory proteins

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4
Q

A bacterial operon contains what 3 components?

A

Promoter

Operator

Structural gene

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5
Q

What are the functions of the operator?

A

Regulatory DNA sequence that can serve either as a repressor or activator

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6
Q

______ _______ turns genes off when bound to a specific protein

A

Repressor operators

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7
Q

_____ ________ turned genes on when bound to specific protein

A

Activator operators

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8
Q

Operators can also be _____ _____ which code for mRNA

A

Structural genes

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9
Q

Transcriptional control in bacteria can use a repressor operator. What is an example?

A

Tryptophan operon

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10
Q

What does the Lac operon use to control transciption in bacteria?

A

Uses both activator CAP and a repressor operator

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11
Q

What is the function of the lac operon?

A

Makes enzymes to break down lactose

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12
Q

When glucose is present, the lac operon is _____

A

Inactive

The operon is off

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13
Q

If have glucose is present but no lactose then what is bound? Is the operon on or off?

A

Repressor

Operon is off

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14
Q

When there is not glucose and no lactose what is bound to the operon? Is the operon on or off?

A

CAP and repressor bound but operon is still off

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15
Q

When lactose is present but not glucose what is bound to the lac operon? Is the operon on or off at this point?

A

CAP bound

Operon turned on

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16
Q

What is located upstream from the structural gene and contains a TATA box in eukaryotes?

A

Promoter

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17
Q

_______ are regulatory DNA sequences that are used instead of operons in eukaryotes

A

Enhancers

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18
Q

How many structural genes are there per promoter?

A

One structural gene

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19
Q

Explain the initiation of transciption?

A

General transcription factors assemble with RNA polymerase at the TATA box and specific transcription factors bind to enhancers

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20
Q

Eukaryotic genes are regulated by _________

A

A combination of proteins

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21
Q

what coordinates expression of many different genes?

A

Single gene regulatory protein

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22
Q

Through cell differentiation we get a

A

Combination of regulatory proteins

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23
Q

What are the functions of membranes?

A

Lipid bilayer of molecules
Transport barrier
Contains transport channels
Flexible, expandable, repairable

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24
Q

Membranes function to
Receive _______
______ and ______ molecules
Capacity for _______ and _______

A

Receive information
Import and export of molecules
Capacity for movement and expansion

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25
Q

______ code for proteins that cells need, such as genes for glycolysis, ribosomal proteins

A

House keeping genes

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26
Q

_________ code for proteins needed for a particular cell type such as Hb for RBCs and Ab genes for B cells

A

Specialized genes

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27
Q

Genes can be controlled by what 5 processes?

A 
Transcriptional control
RNA processing 
RNA transport control
Translation control 
Protein activity control
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28
Q

What are parts of transcriptional control of gene expression?

A

Regulatory DNA sequences (site for binding of gene regulatory proteins)
Gene regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory DNA sequences that are used to turn on and off genes

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29
Q

_______ _____ is made up of a promoter, operon, and structural genes

A

Bacterial operon

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30
Q

_______ _____ turn off genes when bound to a specific protein

A

Repressor operators

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31
Q

______ ______ turn genes on when bound to specific protein

A

Activator operators

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32
Q

_______ genes code for mRNA

A

Structural genes

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33
Q

What is an example of a repressor operon?

A

Tryptophan operon

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34
Q

________ operon is always on and uses a repressor to turn it off when there is enough of the product W present

A

Tryptophan

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35
Q

____ operon uses both an activator and a repressor operator

A

Lac operon

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36
Q

When glucose and lactose are present the Lac Operon is _____

A

Off

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37
Q

What happens to the operators for the lac operon when glucose and lactose are present?

A

CAP protein is NOT bound so no transcription occurs

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38
Q

When glucose is present but lactose is not, is the lac operon on or off? And what are the operators doing?

A

Lac operon is off

CAP protein isn’t bound but the repressor is bound

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39
Q

When both glucose and lactose are not present is the lac operon on or off? What are the operator proteins doing?

A

Lac operon is off

Both the CAP protein and repressor are bound

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40
Q

When glucose isn’t present but lactose is, is the lac operon on or off? What are the operators doing?

A

Lac operon is on

CAP protein is bound, and RNA pol binds to the operator and begins transcribing

41
Q

______ contains the TATA box

A

Promoter

42
Q

_____ are remote from structural gene and are regulatory DNA sequences used instead of operators

A

Enhancers

43
Q

How many structural genes are associated with each promoter in euk?

A

One structural gene per promoter

44
Q

Enhancers are either _____ or _______

A

Activators or repressors

45
Q

______ are proteins that bind to genes at enhancer sites and speed the rate of transcription

A

Activators

46
Q

_______ are proteins that bind to selected sets of genes at sites known as silencers to slow transcription

A

Repressors

47
Q

Where do repressors bind and where do activators bind?

A

Repressors bind at silencer sites

Activators bind at enhancer sites

48
Q

_______ are adapter molecules that integrate signals from activators and perhaps repressors

A

Coactivators

49
Q

_____________ position RNA pol at the start of transcription and initiate transcription process

A

Basal transcription factor

50
Q

Euk genes regulated by a combination of proteins also known as __________ ______

A

Combinatorial control

51
Q

What coordinates expression of many different genes? Ex: glucocorticoid receptor

A

Single gene regulatory protein

52
Q

What transcriptional control is involved in cell differentiation

A

Combination of regulatory proteins

53
Q

A form of transcriptional control in euk involves the _____ of DNA and euk ________ initiation

A

Packaging of DNA and euk transcription initiation

54
Q

What are the 6 ways of controlling transcription in euk

A 
Single gene regulatory proteins 
Combination of regulatory proteins 
Packaging DNA and euk transcription initiation 
RNA processing control 
Translation control 
Protein activity control
55
Q

What are examples of RNA processing control

A

Capping
Polyadenylation
Alternative splicing

56
Q

What are examples of translational control

A

MRNA transport to ribosomes

Initiation of translation

57
Q

What are examples of protein activity control?

A

Phosphorylation/ dephosphoryation

Selective degradation

58
Q

Membranes function in what 3 activities?

A

Receiving info
Import and export
Capacity for movement and expansion

59
Q

What 2 components affect the fluidity of the lipid bilayer?

A

The hydrocarbon tail length

Degree of saturation

60
Q

________ _____ affects length and saturation of hydrocarbon tails

A

Environmental temperature

61
Q

______ prevents fluidity and enhances permeability barrier

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

What are the 3 functions of fluidity?

A

1) cellular interaction
2) movement of proteins and lipids
3) fusion and division of membranes

63
Q

Some lipids are necessary on the inside and some are necessary on outside of the cell. What are some examples of each?

A

Outside: glycolipids and phosphatidylcholine
Inside: protein kinase C, and phosphatidylinositol

64
Q

_______ are involved in RANDOM lipid movement form one side of the lipid bilayer to the other

A

Scramblases

65
Q

________ involved in SPECIFIC lipid movement within the bilayer

A

Filppases

66
Q

Where does membrane synthesis occur in the cell?

A

In the ER

67
Q

How are glycolipids delivered so they face outside the cell?

A

Transport vesicles

68
Q

What are the 4 functions of membrane proteins?

A

1) membrane transport
2) anchors for stability
3) cell signaling receptors
4) enzymes for reactions

69
Q

Sugars on the cell surface create ______ _____

A

Cell coat

70
Q

Carbs on the cell surface are important in what 5 ways?

A

Protection, lubrication, recognition, interaction

71
Q

What is the most common cation inside and outside the cell?

A

Inside the cell is K+

Outside the cell is Na+

72
Q

How is the balance of ion concentrations maintained?

A

By membrane transport proteins and membrane permeability

73
Q

______ molecules cannot pass through the bilayer

A

Hydrophilic

74
Q

Passage rate is dependent on what?

A

Size and solubility

75
Q

Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 can or cannot pass the membrane?

A

Can pass the membrane

76
Q

Uncharged molecules that are polar pass rapidly if ______ or _____, pass moderately if ______ or _____.

A

Ethanol or water

Glycerol or ethanol

77
Q

Ions and charged molecules can or cannot pass the bilayer?

A

DO NOT pass

78
Q

Large uncharged molecules such as amino acids, glucose and nucleosides do or do not pass the bilayer?

A

DO NOT pass

79
Q

Transport of a charges molecules is dependent on ________ _______

A

Membrane potential

80
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Difference in voltage gradient

81
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

Combined concentration and membrane potential gradient

These gradients work in opposite or same direction

82
Q

What is coupled transport?

A

Uphill transport of one solute and downhill transport of another solute

83
Q

Describe ATP driven pumps

A

Uphill transport of solutes with ATP hydrolysis

84
Q

Describe Light driven pumps

A

Uphill transport of solutes with input of light energy

85
Q

What are the stages of the Na/K pump?

A

1) Na attaches to pump
2) ATPase splits ATP-> ADP and the pump is phosphorylated
3) phosphorylation activates export of Na and import of K
4) K attaches to binding site
5) pump resets itself

86
Q

in ______ water flows from high to low concentration

A

Osmosis

87
Q

How is osmotic pressure maintained in animal cells?

A

Aquaporins

88
Q

What regulates the cellular pH in animal cells?

A

Na+/H+ exchanger

89
Q

Voltage gated channels are opened by _______ ______

A

Membrane potential

90
Q

Ligand gated channels are opened by what?

A

Binding of ligand

91
Q

Stress activated channels are opened how?

A

Physically/ mechanically opened

Ex: stereocilia

92
Q

Cystic fibrosis is caused by defective ____ channels AKA as CFTR

A

Cl-

93
Q

What happens in cystic fibrosis?

A

Mutated Cl- ion channels fail to transport Cl- in mucosa causing a shift in osmosis of water resulting in production of thick poorly flowing mucous

94
Q

What are examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Ach (opens Na+ channels)

glutamate (opens Ca2+ channels)

95
Q

What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and glycine (opens up Cl-)

96
Q

What are two cells that form myelin and which one funcitons in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS oligodendrocytes

PNS Schwann cells

97
Q

What are the end products of glucose?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

98
Q

What are the end products of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP

99
Q

Total oxidation of one glucose gives on average ______ ATP

A

30 ATP

Cell Physiology (4 decks)

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