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Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose for a promoter?

A

Sequence for the binding of RNA polymerase

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2
Q

What are sites for binding of gene regulatory proteins

A

Regulatory DNA sequences

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3
Q

_______ __________ proteins bind to the regulatory DNA sequences and used to turn Genes on and off

A

Gene regulatory proteins

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4
Q

A bacterial operon contains what 3 components?

A

Promoter

Operator

Structural gene

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5
Q

What are the functions of the operator?

A

Regulatory DNA sequence that can serve either as a repressor or activator

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6
Q

______ _______ turns genes off when bound to a specific protein

A

Repressor operators

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7
Q

_____ ________ turned genes on when bound to specific protein

A

Activator operators

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8
Q

Operators can also be _____ _____ which code for mRNA

A

Structural genes

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9
Q

Transcriptional control in bacteria can use a repressor operator. What is an example?

A

Tryptophan operon

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10
Q

What does the Lac operon use to control transciption in bacteria?

A

Uses both activator CAP and a repressor operator

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11
Q

What is the function of the lac operon?

A

Makes enzymes to break down lactose

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12
Q

When glucose is present, the lac operon is _____

A

Inactive

The operon is off

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13
Q

If have glucose is present but no lactose then what is bound? Is the operon on or off?

A

Repressor

Operon is off

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14
Q

When there is not glucose and no lactose what is bound to the operon? Is the operon on or off?

A

CAP and repressor bound but operon is still off

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15
Q

When lactose is present but not glucose what is bound to the lac operon? Is the operon on or off at this point?

A

CAP bound

Operon turned on

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16
Q

What is located upstream from the structural gene and contains a TATA box in eukaryotes?

A

Promoter

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17
Q

_______ are regulatory DNA sequences that are used instead of operons in eukaryotes

A

Enhancers

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18
Q

How many structural genes are there per promoter?

A

One structural gene

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19
Q

Explain the initiation of transciption?

A

General transcription factors assemble with RNA polymerase at the TATA box and specific transcription factors bind to enhancers

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20
Q

Eukaryotic genes are regulated by _________

A

A combination of proteins

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21
Q

what coordinates expression of many different genes?

A

Single gene regulatory protein

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22
Q

Through cell differentiation we get a

A

Combination of regulatory proteins

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23
Q

What are the functions of membranes?

A

Lipid bilayer of molecules
Transport barrier
Contains transport channels
Flexible, expandable, repairable

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24
Q

Membranes function to
Receive _______
______ and ______ molecules
Capacity for _______ and _______

A

Receive information
Import and export of molecules
Capacity for movement and expansion

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25
______ code for proteins that cells need, such as genes for glycolysis, ribosomal proteins
House keeping genes
26
_________ code for proteins needed for a particular cell type such as Hb for RBCs and Ab genes for B cells
Specialized genes
27
Genes can be controlled by what 5 processes?
``` Transcriptional control RNA processing RNA transport control Translation control Protein activity control ```
28
What are parts of transcriptional control of gene expression?
Regulatory DNA sequences (site for binding of gene regulatory proteins) Gene regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory DNA sequences that are used to turn on and off genes
29
_______ _____ is made up of a promoter, operon, and structural genes
Bacterial operon
30
_______ _____ turn off genes when bound to a specific protein
Repressor operators
31
______ ______ turn genes on when bound to specific protein
Activator operators
32
_______ genes code for mRNA
Structural genes
33
What is an example of a repressor operon?
Tryptophan operon
34
________ operon is always on and uses a repressor to turn it off when there is enough of the product W present
Tryptophan
35
____ operon uses both an activator and a repressor operator
Lac operon
36
When glucose and lactose are present the Lac Operon is _____
Off
37
What happens to the operators for the lac operon when glucose and lactose are present?
CAP protein is NOT bound so no transcription occurs
38
When glucose is present but lactose is not, is the lac operon on or off? And what are the operators doing?
Lac operon is off | CAP protein isn’t bound but the repressor is bound
39
When both glucose and lactose are not present is the lac operon on or off? What are the operator proteins doing?
Lac operon is off | Both the CAP protein and repressor are bound
40
When glucose isn’t present but lactose is, is the lac operon on or off? What are the operators doing?
Lac operon is on | CAP protein is bound, and RNA pol binds to the operator and begins transcribing
41
______ contains the TATA box
Promoter
42
_____ are remote from structural gene and are regulatory DNA sequences used instead of operators
Enhancers
43
How many structural genes are associated with each promoter in euk?
One structural gene per promoter
44
Enhancers are either _____ or _______
Activators or repressors
45
______ are proteins that bind to genes at enhancer sites and speed the rate of transcription
Activators
46
_______ are proteins that bind to selected sets of genes at sites known as silencers to slow transcription
Repressors
47
Where do repressors bind and where do activators bind?
Repressors bind at silencer sites | Activators bind at enhancer sites
48
_______ are adapter molecules that integrate signals from activators and perhaps repressors
Coactivators
49
_____________ position RNA pol at the start of transcription and initiate transcription process
Basal transcription factor
50
Euk genes regulated by a combination of proteins also known as __________ ______
Combinatorial control
51
What coordinates expression of many different genes? Ex: glucocorticoid receptor
Single gene regulatory protein
52
What transcriptional control is involved in cell differentiation
Combination of regulatory proteins
53
A form of transcriptional control in euk involves the _____ of DNA and euk ________ initiation
Packaging of DNA and euk transcription initiation
54
What are the 6 ways of controlling transcription in euk
``` Single gene regulatory proteins Combination of regulatory proteins Packaging DNA and euk transcription initiation RNA processing control Translation control Protein activity control ```
55
What are examples of RNA processing control
Capping Polyadenylation Alternative splicing
56
What are examples of translational control
MRNA transport to ribosomes | Initiation of translation
57
What are examples of protein activity control?
Phosphorylation/ dephosphoryation | Selective degradation
58
Membranes function in what 3 activities?
Receiving info Import and export Capacity for movement and expansion
59
What 2 components affect the fluidity of the lipid bilayer?
The hydrocarbon tail length | Degree of saturation
60
________ _____ affects length and saturation of hydrocarbon tails
Environmental temperature
61
______ prevents fluidity and enhances permeability barrier
Cholesterol
62
What are the 3 functions of fluidity?
1) cellular interaction 2) movement of proteins and lipids 3) fusion and division of membranes
63
Some lipids are necessary on the inside and some are necessary on outside of the cell. What are some examples of each?
Outside: glycolipids and phosphatidylcholine Inside: protein kinase C, and phosphatidylinositol
64
_______ are involved in RANDOM lipid movement form one side of the lipid bilayer to the other
Scramblases
65
________ involved in SPECIFIC lipid movement within the bilayer
Filppases
66
Where does membrane synthesis occur in the cell?
In the ER
67
How are glycolipids delivered so they face outside the cell?
Transport vesicles
68
What are the 4 functions of membrane proteins?
1) membrane transport 2) anchors for stability 3) cell signaling receptors 4) enzymes for reactions
69
Sugars on the cell surface create ______ _____
Cell coat
70
Carbs on the cell surface are important in what 5 ways?
Protection, lubrication, recognition, interaction
71
What is the most common cation inside and outside the cell?
Inside the cell is K+ Outside the cell is Na+
72
How is the balance of ion concentrations maintained?
By membrane transport proteins and membrane permeability
73
______ molecules cannot pass through the bilayer
Hydrophilic
74
Passage rate is dependent on what?
Size and solubility
75
Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 and CO2 can or cannot pass the membrane?
Can pass the membrane
76
Uncharged molecules that are polar pass rapidly if ______ or _____, pass moderately if ______ or _____.
Ethanol or water | Glycerol or ethanol
77
Ions and charged molecules can or cannot pass the bilayer?
DO NOT pass
78
Large uncharged molecules such as amino acids, glucose and nucleosides do or do not pass the bilayer?
DO NOT pass
79
Transport of a charges molecules is dependent on ________ _______
Membrane potential
80
What is membrane potential?
Difference in voltage gradient
81
What is the electrochemical gradient?
Combined concentration and membrane potential gradient These gradients work in opposite or same direction
82
What is coupled transport?
Uphill transport of one solute and downhill transport of another solute
83
Describe ATP driven pumps
Uphill transport of solutes with ATP hydrolysis
84
Describe Light driven pumps
Uphill transport of solutes with input of light energy
85
What are the stages of the Na/K pump?
1) Na attaches to pump 2) ATPase splits ATP-> ADP and the pump is phosphorylated 3) phosphorylation activates export of Na and import of K 4) K attaches to binding site 5) pump resets itself
86
in ______ water flows from high to low concentration
Osmosis
87
How is osmotic pressure maintained in animal cells?
Aquaporins
88
What regulates the cellular pH in animal cells?
Na+/H+ exchanger
89
Voltage gated channels are opened by _______ ______
Membrane potential
90
Ligand gated channels are opened by what?
Binding of ligand
91
Stress activated channels are opened how?
Physically/ mechanically opened Ex: stereocilia
92
Cystic fibrosis is caused by defective ____ channels AKA as CFTR
Cl-
93
What happens in cystic fibrosis?
Mutated Cl- ion channels fail to transport Cl- in mucosa causing a shift in osmosis of water resulting in production of thick poorly flowing mucous
94
What are examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?
Ach (opens Na+ channels) | glutamate (opens Ca2+ channels)
95
What are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA and glycine (opens up Cl-)
96
What are two cells that form myelin and which one funcitons in the CNS? PNS?
CNS oligodendrocytes | PNS Schwann cells
97
What are the end products of glucose?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
98
What are the end products of the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP
99
Total oxidation of one glucose gives on average ______ ATP
30 ATP

Cell Physiology (4 decks)

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