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Cell Physiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of living things?

A 
Highly organized
Homeostatic 
Growth and development 
Reproduce
Convert energy from one form to another
Respond to stimuli/movement
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3
Q

Who first described cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

All cells come from other cells

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5
Q

What can you usually see when using a light microscope?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

What can electron microscopy show you?

A

Cellular anatomy

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7
Q

How much can a light microscope magnify? And what is the resolution?

A

Magnify 1000X

Resolution off .2 micrometers

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8
Q

Describe fluorescent microscopy

A

Staining cells with fluorescent dyes

Filters isolate correct wavelength
Filters change what light passes through the specimen and into the eye.

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9
Q

Describe confocal microscopy

A

Uses laser as a light source and results in a 2D image- optical section but with a computer will form a 3D image

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10
Q

Describe transmission electron microscopy

A

Transmits beams of electrons and gives a magnification of 1 million and resolution of 2 nm

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11
Q

Describe scanning electron microscopes

A

Coats the specimen with heavy metal (gold)

The electrons scan the coated specimen and forms a 3D image

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12
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the prokaryote?

A

Once celled organisms with no organelles

DNA in cytoplasm so no nucleus

Have cell membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA

Many have cell walls

Some have flagella, pili or fimbrae, capsules

Reproduce quickly

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13
Q

What are the three shapes that bacteria are usually found?

A

Rod
Spherical
Spiral

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14
Q

What prokaryotes can live in extreme conditions such as glaciers, sulfur springs, cows stomachs, etc?

A

Archea

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15
Q

What re the charcteristics of mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell
Double Membraned organelle
Contain own circular DNA and divide like cells

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?

A

Function of ATP synthesis with sunlight
Usually found in plants
Two membranes and stacked
Contain own DNA and divide like mitochondria

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17
Q

What is important in importing and exporting materials?

A

ER (enclosed by a folded embrace that is continuous with the nucleus membrane. And exports cell membrane components and other materials)

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18
Q

Smooth ER forms _______

Rough ER forms _____

A

Lipids

Proteins

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19
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened sacs involved in chemically packing materials

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20
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Site of intracellular digestion

Breaks down food or waste

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21
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

Vesicles contain hydrogen peroxide reactions and destroy the toxins produced in the cell

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22
Q

What component of the cell is not an organelle?

A

Cytosol

23
Q

Describe vesicles and their function

A

Compartments for transporting between organelles. Typically bud to move to the next compartment.

Pinching off vesicles from one to another via endo and exocytosis

24
Q

Describe cytosol

A

Cytoplasm WITHOUT organelles
More gel-like
Site of chemical reactions
Ribosomes

25
Q

What are examples of cytoskeleton and what is it and its function?

A

Filaments anchored to the plasma membrane or near the nucleus. Important in support and shape. Manipulates internal and extracellular movement

Examples: Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

26
Q

________ is constantly changing

_________ assists in intracellular and extracellular movement

A

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

27
Q

What are the 3 things that make good model organisms?

A

Reproduce efficiently

Genetically manipulated in labs

Genetic properties have been preserved across species (charred genes across species)

28
Q

What model organism is a model plant, can be grown inside in a controlled environment, produces thousands of off spring every 8 to 10 weeks an have a complete genome?

A

Wallcress

29
Q

What are the four major families that function as building blocks, energy and structural support?

A

Sugars

Fatty acids

Amino acids

Nucleotides

30
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

31
Q

What are examples of oligosaccharides (3- 50 monosaccharides)?

A

Sucrose (glucose + glucose)
maltose (
lactose (glucose and galactose)

32
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Glycogen

Fiber

33
Q

What is the name of the covalent bond formed that holds these sugars together?

A

Glycosidic bonds

34
Q

When you put two sugars together what is the process called? And what is a byproduct of this reaction?

A

Condensation

H2O

35
Q

When going from a disaccharide to aa monosaccharide involves what component to break the bond? And what is the process called?

A

H2O

Hydrolysis

36
Q

What are the functions of sugars?

A

Energy (ATP production via glucose breakdown)

Storage via glycogen

Structural supports (cellulose in plant cells are parts of the cell wall, chitin in some insects)

Cell membrane components (glycoproteins or glycolipids)

37
Q

What converts galactose and fructose into glucose?

A

Liver

38
Q

What is the process of glucose transport?

A

Diffusion from blood into interstitial fluid.

Facilitated diffusion from interstitial fluid into cell with insulin involved

39
Q

Once glucose is inside the cell what happens to it inorder to trap it into the cell

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase

IRREVERSIBLE

40
Q

What enzyme is used in the liver to phosphorylate the glucose and trap it inside but IS reversible?

A

Glucokinase

41
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

Long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail

Hydrophilic head

42
Q

What are 3 types of lipids?

A

Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Phospholipids

Sterols (cholesterol)

43
Q

Fatty acids are amphipathic molecules that can be saturated or unsaturated. What are the differences between the two?

A

Saturated with Hydrogens ( more rigid)

Unsaturated: contain double bonds which produce kinks and decrease the rigidity

44
Q

What re fatty acids important for?

A

Food reserve (stored as TAGs)

Steroids/ hormones

Cell membrane component as phospholipids

45
Q

What components make up a Phospholipid?

A

Polar head group

Phosphate

Glycerol

2 fatty acid chains

46
Q

How are TAGs transported?

A

TAGs digested into FA and monoglycerides

Once absorbed through GI tract, resynthesize into TAGs

Enter lymph and form chylomicrons

Pass into adipose and muscle tissue through lipoprotein lipase as FA and glycerol

Once inside cells FA used for energy or stored

47
Q

What are chylomicrons made up of?

A

TAGs
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Apoprotein B

48
Q

What occurs in chylomicrons as they are transported?

A

Chron’s and lose their components and eventually are taken up by the liver (when made up mostly of cholesterol)

Liver can convert them to lipoproteins and shuttle the fats

49
Q

What is the structure off amino acids?

A

amino group

Alpha carbon

R group (side chain)

Carbonyl group

50
Q

What are the covalent bonds formed between polypeptide chains of amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

51
Q

What are nucleotide examples and their structure?

A

Five carbon sugar with N ring and a phosphate group

Purines

Pyrimidines

52
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A

DNA/RNA

Energy/ ATP

53
Q

Nucleotides bind together how?

A

Through the phosphate groups

Cell Physiology (4 decks)

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