Introduction Flashcards
What is the fundamental unit of life?
Cells
What are the 6 characteristics of living things?
Highly organized Homeostatic Growth and development Reproduce Convert energy from one form to another Respond to stimuli/movement
Who first described cells?
Robert Hooke
What is the cell theory?
All cells come from other cells
What can you usually see when using a light microscope?
Organelles
What can electron microscopy show you?
Cellular anatomy
How much can a light microscope magnify? And what is the resolution?
Magnify 1000X
Resolution off .2 micrometers
Describe fluorescent microscopy
Staining cells with fluorescent dyes
Filters isolate correct wavelength
Filters change what light passes through the specimen and into the eye.
Describe confocal microscopy
Uses laser as a light source and results in a 2D image- optical section but with a computer will form a 3D image
Describe transmission electron microscopy
Transmits beams of electrons and gives a magnification of 1 million and resolution of 2 nm
Describe scanning electron microscopes
Coats the specimen with heavy metal (gold)
The electrons scan the coated specimen and forms a 3D image
What are the 5 characteristics of the prokaryote?
Once celled organisms with no organelles
DNA in cytoplasm so no nucleus
Have cell membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA
Many have cell walls
Some have flagella, pili or fimbrae, capsules
Reproduce quickly
What are the three shapes that bacteria are usually found?
Rod
Spherical
Spiral
What prokaryotes can live in extreme conditions such as glaciers, sulfur springs, cows stomachs, etc?
Archea
What re the charcteristics of mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell
Double Membraned organelle
Contain own circular DNA and divide like cells
What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?
Function of ATP synthesis with sunlight
Usually found in plants
Two membranes and stacked
Contain own DNA and divide like mitochondria
What is important in importing and exporting materials?
ER (enclosed by a folded embrace that is continuous with the nucleus membrane. And exports cell membrane components and other materials)
Smooth ER forms _______
Rough ER forms _____
Lipids
Proteins
Describe the Golgi apparatus
Stacks of flattened sacs involved in chemically packing materials
Describe lysosomes
Site of intracellular digestion
Breaks down food or waste
Describe peroxisomes
Vesicles contain hydrogen peroxide reactions and destroy the toxins produced in the cell
What component of the cell is not an organelle?
Cytosol
Describe vesicles and their function
Compartments for transporting between organelles. Typically bud to move to the next compartment.
Pinching off vesicles from one to another via endo and exocytosis
Describe cytosol
Cytoplasm WITHOUT organelles
More gel-like
Site of chemical reactions
Ribosomes
What are examples of cytoskeleton and what is it and its function?
Filaments anchored to the plasma membrane or near the nucleus. Important in support and shape. Manipulates internal and extracellular movement
Examples: Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
________ is constantly changing
_________ assists in intracellular and extracellular movement
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
What are the 3 things that make good model organisms?
Reproduce efficiently
Genetically manipulated in labs
Genetic properties have been preserved across species (charred genes across species)
What model organism is a model plant, can be grown inside in a controlled environment, produces thousands of off spring every 8 to 10 weeks an have a complete genome?
Wallcress
What are the four major families that function as building blocks, energy and structural support?
Sugars
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
What are examples of oligosaccharides (3- 50 monosaccharides)?
Sucrose (glucose + glucose)
maltose (
lactose (glucose and galactose)
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Fiber
What is the name of the covalent bond formed that holds these sugars together?
Glycosidic bonds
When you put two sugars together what is the process called? And what is a byproduct of this reaction?
Condensation
H2O
When going from a disaccharide to aa monosaccharide involves what component to break the bond? And what is the process called?
H2O
Hydrolysis
What are the functions of sugars?
Energy (ATP production via glucose breakdown)
Storage via glycogen
Structural supports (cellulose in plant cells are parts of the cell wall, chitin in some insects)
Cell membrane components (glycoproteins or glycolipids)
What converts galactose and fructose into glucose?
Liver
What is the process of glucose transport?
Diffusion from blood into interstitial fluid.
Facilitated diffusion from interstitial fluid into cell with insulin involved
Once glucose is inside the cell what happens to it inorder to trap it into the cell
Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase
IRREVERSIBLE
What enzyme is used in the liver to phosphorylate the glucose and trap it inside but IS reversible?
Glucokinase
What is the structure of fatty acids?
Long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
Hydrophilic head
What are 3 types of lipids?
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Sterols (cholesterol)
Fatty acids are amphipathic molecules that can be saturated or unsaturated. What are the differences between the two?
Saturated with Hydrogens ( more rigid)
Unsaturated: contain double bonds which produce kinks and decrease the rigidity
What re fatty acids important for?
Food reserve (stored as TAGs)
Steroids/ hormones
Cell membrane component as phospholipids
What components make up a Phospholipid?
Polar head group
Phosphate
Glycerol
2 fatty acid chains
How are TAGs transported?
TAGs digested into FA and monoglycerides
Once absorbed through GI tract, resynthesize into TAGs
Enter lymph and form chylomicrons
Pass into adipose and muscle tissue through lipoprotein lipase as FA and glycerol
Once inside cells FA used for energy or stored
What are chylomicrons made up of?
TAGs
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Apoprotein B
What occurs in chylomicrons as they are transported?
Chron’s and lose their components and eventually are taken up by the liver (when made up mostly of cholesterol)
Liver can convert them to lipoproteins and shuttle the fats
What is the structure off amino acids?
amino group
Alpha carbon
R group (side chain)
Carbonyl group
What are the covalent bonds formed between polypeptide chains of amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What are nucleotide examples and their structure?
Five carbon sugar with N ring and a phosphate group
Purines
Pyrimidines
What are the functions of nucleotides?
DNA/RNA
Energy/ ATP
Nucleotides bind together how?
Through the phosphate groups
