Introduction

Question 1

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

What are the 6 characteristics of living things?

Answer 2

Highly organized
Homeostatic 
Growth and development 
Reproduce
Convert energy from one form to another
Respond to stimuli/movement

Question 3

Who first described cells?

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

What is the cell theory?

Answer 4

All cells come from other cells

Question 5

What can you usually see when using a light microscope?

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

What can electron microscopy show you?

Answer 6

Cellular anatomy

Question 7

How much can a light microscope magnify? And what is the resolution?

Answer 7

Magnify 1000X

Resolution off .2 micrometers

Question 8

Describe fluorescent microscopy

Answer 8

Staining cells with fluorescent dyes

Filters isolate correct wavelength
Filters change what light passes through the specimen and into the eye.

Question 9

Describe confocal microscopy

Answer 9

Uses laser as a light source and results in a 2D image- optical section but with a computer will form a 3D image

Question 10

Describe transmission electron microscopy

Answer 10

Transmits beams of electrons and gives a magnification of 1 million and resolution of 2 nm

Question 11

Describe scanning electron microscopes

Answer 11

Coats the specimen with heavy metal (gold)

The electrons scan the coated specimen and forms a 3D image

Question 12

What are the 5 characteristics of the prokaryote?

Answer 12

Once celled organisms with no organelles

DNA in cytoplasm so no nucleus

Have cell membrane, ribosomes, and circular DNA

Many have cell walls

Some have flagella, pili or fimbrae, capsules

Reproduce quickly

Question 13

What are the three shapes that bacteria are usually found?

Answer 13

Rod
Spherical
Spiral

Question 14

What prokaryotes can live in extreme conditions such as glaciers, sulfur springs, cows stomachs, etc?

Answer 14

Archea

Question 15

What re the charcteristics of mitochondria?

Answer 15

Powerhouse of the cell
Double Membraned organelle
Contain own circular DNA and divide like cells

Question 16

What are the characteristics of chloroplasts?

Answer 16

Function of ATP synthesis with sunlight
Usually found in plants
Two membranes and stacked
Contain own DNA and divide like mitochondria

Question 17

What is important in importing and exporting materials?

Answer 17

ER (enclosed by a folded embrace that is continuous with the nucleus membrane. And exports cell membrane components and other materials)

Question 18

Smooth ER forms _______

Rough ER forms _____

Answer 18

Lipids

Proteins

Question 19

Describe the Golgi apparatus

Answer 19

Stacks of flattened sacs involved in chemically packing materials

Question 20

Describe lysosomes

Answer 20

Site of intracellular digestion

Breaks down food or waste

Question 21

Describe peroxisomes

Answer 21

Vesicles contain hydrogen peroxide reactions and destroy the toxins produced in the cell

Question 22

What component of the cell is not an organelle?

Answer 22

Cytosol

Question 23

Describe vesicles and their function

Answer 23

Compartments for transporting between organelles. Typically bud to move to the next compartment.

Pinching off vesicles from one to another via endo and exocytosis

Question 24

Describe cytosol

Answer 24

Cytoplasm WITHOUT organelles
More gel-like
Site of chemical reactions
Ribosomes

Question 25

What are examples of cytoskeleton and what is it and its function?

Answer 25

Filaments anchored to the plasma membrane or near the nucleus. Important in support and shape. Manipulates internal and extracellular movement Examples: Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 26

________ is constantly changing _________ assists in intracellular and extracellular movement

Answer 26

Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton

Question 27

What are the 3 things that make good model organisms?

Answer 27

Reproduce efficiently Genetically manipulated in labs Genetic properties have been preserved across species (charred genes across species)

Question 28

What model organism is a model plant, can be grown inside in a controlled environment, produces thousands of off spring every 8 to 10 weeks an have a complete genome?

Answer 28

Wallcress

Question 29

What are the four major families that function as building blocks, energy and structural support?

Answer 29

Sugars Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides

Question 30

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 30

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Question 31

What are examples of oligosaccharides (3- 50 monosaccharides)?

Answer 31

Sucrose (glucose + glucose) maltose ( lactose (glucose and galactose)

Question 32

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 32

Starch Glycogen Fiber

Question 33

What is the name of the covalent bond formed that holds these sugars together?

Answer 33

Glycosidic bonds

Question 34

When you put two sugars together what is the process called? And what is a byproduct of this reaction?

Answer 34

Condensation H2O

Question 35

When going from a disaccharide to aa monosaccharide involves what component to break the bond? And what is the process called?

Answer 35

H2O Hydrolysis

Question 36

What are the functions of sugars?

Answer 36

Energy (ATP production via glucose breakdown) Storage via glycogen Structural supports (cellulose in plant cells are parts of the cell wall, chitin in some insects) Cell membrane components (glycoproteins or glycolipids)

Question 37

What converts galactose and fructose into glucose?

Answer 37

Liver

Question 38

What is the process of glucose transport?

Answer 38

Diffusion from blood into interstitial fluid. Facilitated diffusion from interstitial fluid into cell with insulin involved

Question 39

Once glucose is inside the cell what happens to it inorder to trap it into the cell

Answer 39

Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase IRREVERSIBLE

Question 40

What enzyme is used in the liver to phosphorylate the glucose and trap it inside but IS reversible?

Answer 40

Glucokinase

Question 41

What is the structure of fatty acids?

Answer 41

Long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail Hydrophilic head

Question 42

What are 3 types of lipids?

Answer 42

Neutral fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Sterols (cholesterol)

Question 43

Fatty acids are amphipathic molecules that can be saturated or unsaturated. What are the differences between the two?

Answer 43

Saturated with Hydrogens ( more rigid) Unsaturated: contain double bonds which produce kinks and decrease the rigidity

Question 44

What re fatty acids important for?

Answer 44

Food reserve (stored as TAGs) Steroids/ hormones Cell membrane component as phospholipids

Question 45

What components make up a Phospholipid?

Answer 45

Polar head group Phosphate Glycerol 2 fatty acid chains

Question 46

How are TAGs transported?

Answer 46

TAGs digested into FA and monoglycerides Once absorbed through GI tract, resynthesize into TAGs Enter lymph and form chylomicrons Pass into adipose and muscle tissue through lipoprotein lipase as FA and glycerol Once inside cells FA used for energy or stored

Question 47

What are chylomicrons made up of?

Answer 47

TAGs Phospholipids Cholesterol Apoprotein B

Question 48

What occurs in chylomicrons as they are transported?

Answer 48

Chron’s and lose their components and eventually are taken up by the liver (when made up mostly of cholesterol) Liver can convert them to lipoproteins and shuttle the fats

Question 49

What is the structure off amino acids?

Answer 49

amino group Alpha carbon R group (side chain) Carbonyl group

Question 50

What are the covalent bonds formed between polypeptide chains of amino acids?

Answer 50

Peptide bonds

Question 51

What are nucleotide examples and their structure?

Answer 51

Five carbon sugar with N ring and a phosphate group Purines Pyrimidines

Question 52

What are the functions of nucleotides?

Answer 52

DNA/RNA Energy/ ATP

Question 53

Nucleotides bind together how?

Answer 53

Through the phosphate groups