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Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

A

Hypothyroidism

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2
Q

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal Cortez produces

A

Glucocorticoids

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3
Q

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

A

Mineralocorticoids

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4
Q

Renin is responsible for the activation of

A

Angiotensin I

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5
Q

Alpha cells in the pancreas produce which hormone in response to low glucose concentrations?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

Bata =

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Shelly has a hormone secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

A

Zona reticularis

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8
Q

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A

Calcitonin

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9
Q

The hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla through

A

Direct neural stimulation

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10
Q

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

A

Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a portal system

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11
Q

The hormone that dominated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

A

Epinephrine

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12
Q

Which pattern of hormonal interaction occurs when the first hormone is needed for the second to produce its effect?

A

Permissive

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13
Q

Which pattern of hormonal interaction occurs when hormones produce different, but complementary results?

A

Integrative

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14
Q

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all of these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.

  • binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein
  • transport into the target cell
  • activation of mitochondria
  • activation of a specific gene
  • binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane
A

Binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane

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15
Q

The pituitary hormone that promotes sperm maturation in testes is

A

LH

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16
Q

The posterior pituitary gland releases

A

OXT

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17
Q

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

A

Insulin

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18
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

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19
Q

True or false

Renin is a hormone released by the kidney

A

False, renin is an enzyme, no target cell

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20
Q

True or false

Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium ions

A

True

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21
Q

True or false

Inhibin acts to surpress the release of FSH in both males and females

A

True

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22
Q

True or false

Neurons that extend from the hypothalamus release hormones from the posterior pituitary

A

True

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23
Q

Definition: hypophyseal portal system

A

Network of vessels that carries blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Definition: hormone

A

Chemical that is secreted by one cell and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of target cells in another part of the body

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25
Q

Describe the three main phases of general adaptation syndrome, and the dominant hormones involved in each of the first two phases

A

Alarm phase “fight or flight”
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase

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26
Q

In response to actions potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

A

Calcium ions

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27
Q

When a muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called

A

Complete tetanus

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28
Q

In skeletal muscle fibers, active sites on action become available for binding after

A

Calcium binds to troponin

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29
Q

According to the length tension relationship

A

Greatest tension is achieved in sarcomeres where all myosin heads can engage with actin upon stimulation

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30
Q

Edges of a sarcomere are defined as

A

Z lines

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31
Q

The tension produced by a muscle fiber can vary Due to

A

The resting length of the sarcomeres and the frequency of actions potentials reaching the fiber

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32
Q

A weight lifter strains to life a heavy weight and there is no movement of the persons arms holding onto the weight. This type of contraction is called a (blank)

A

Isometric

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33
Q

When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts, the only band to remain constant in width is the

A

A band

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34
Q

In a sarcomere, cross bridge attachment occurs specifically in the

A

Zone of overlap

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35
Q

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except

  • muscle fatigue
  • an oxygen debt
  • an increase in intracellular glycogen
  • a shift to anaerobic glycolysis
  • an increase in intracellular lactic acid
A

An increase in intracellular glycogen

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36
Q

During the recovery period the body’s need for oxygen is increased because

A

Additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise

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37
Q

In a sarcomere, the central portion of thick filaments are linked laterally by proteins of the

A

M line

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38
Q

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the

A

H band

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39
Q

At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by

A

Troponin molecules

40
Q

At rest, active sites on the action are blocked by

A

Tropomyosin molecules

41
Q

Active sites on the actin become available for binding after

A

Calcium binds to troponin

42
Q

The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ions after contraction is

A

Active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after

A

Acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate

44
Q

List the events that occur during a muscle contraction

A
  • Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calcium ion binds to troponin
  • myosin cross bridges bind to the actin
  • the myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere
  • the myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin
  • the free myosin head splits ATP
45
Q

How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?

A

It would cause muscles to stay contracted

46
Q

The rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is a

A

Twitch

47
Q

Which of the following statements about excitation-contraction coupling is incorrect?

A

— calcium ions travel through the transverse tubule

48
Q

A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is this drugs effect on skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Reduces the muscles ability for contraction

49
Q

The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

A

Recruitment

50
Q

During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true except

  • Lactic acid is removed from muscle cells
  • the muscle actively produces ATP
  • muscle fibers are unable to contract
  • oxygen is consumed at above the resting rate
  • heat is generated
A

-muscle fibers are unable to contract

51
Q

True or false

Rigor mortis occurs due to lack of calcium in the sarcoplasm

A

False

ATP

52
Q

True or false

The lower pH in exercising muscles reduces binding of calcium to troponin

A

True

53
Q

True or false

The increase in tension produced by increasing the frequency of stimulation is called recruitment

A

False, motor unit

54
Q

True or false

Contracting muscle fibers generate maximum tension when sarcomeres begin at their maximum length

A

False

Optimal

55
Q

True or false

The A band shortens during muscle fiber contraction

A

False

Width of filaments

56
Q

Definition: motor unit

A

All the muscle cells that are controlled by a single motor neuron

57
Q

Definition: Creatine phosphate

A

High energy compound found in muscle cells and involved in muscle activity
-phosphate donated to ADP to become ATP
—-ATP + creatine —> ADP + creatine phosphate

58
Q

Definition: sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle cell

59
Q

Definition: oxygen debt

A

During recovery period, oxygen demand is much higher than the normal levels. With this, the more ATP required for recovery, the more oxygen is needed. Oxygen debt means there this is the amount of oxygen needed to return the muscle to normal levels after exercise.

60
Q

Definition: optimal resting length

A

Normal range of sarcomere length in the body is 75 to 130 percent of the optimal length. Maximum tension is produced when the zone of overlap is large but the thin filaments do not extend across the sarcomere center.

61
Q

Definition: wave summation

A

Occurs when successive stimuli arrive before the relaxation phase has been completed, Ca++ becomes more and more each time and builds

62
Q

Steps in initiating muscle contraction, from the motor neuron to the contraction cycle

A
  • ACh is released at the neuromuscular junction and binds to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
  • action proteins reaches T tubule
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored calcium ions
  • calcium ions bind to tropinin, exposing the active sites on the thin filaments. Cross bridges from when myosin heads bind to those active sites
  • contraction cycle begins
63
Q

Events that occur during the contraction cycle

A

Myosin head has split ATP, is cocked

  • ca++ binds with troponin, exposes actin on head
  • myosin head binds active site
  • power stroke: myosin head pivots and pulls actin forward and releases ADP
  • ATP binds to myosin head, breaks link with active site
  • myosin head splits ATP, recodos
64
Q

Steps in muscle relaxation.

A

-ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ending action potential generation
-sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs Ca2+
-active sites covered, and cross bridge formation ends
—-without calcium ions, the tropomyosin returns to its normal position and the active sites are covered again
-contraction ends
-muscle relaxation occurs and returns to resting length

65
Q

The primary taste sensations include all of the following except

A

Spicy

66
Q

Which of the special sense has a “direct line” to the cerebral cortex, which makes the association with memories and emotions stronger?

A

Olfaction

67
Q

Movement of the endoymph in the semicircular canals

A

Signals rotational movement

68
Q

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?

A

In a pitch black room after 30 min

69
Q

The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light
1. Membrane sodium channels close.
2, cGMP is broken down
3. Retinal changes form.
4. The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines.
5. Opsin activates enzymes.
6. Opsin activation occurs.

A

3,6,5,2,1,4

70
Q

The optic disc is a blind spot because

A

There are no photoreceptors in that area

71
Q

(Blank) celos connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

A

Bipolar

72
Q

Amacrine and (blank) cells facilitate or inhibit communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells

A

Horizontal

73
Q

In the light adapted state,

A

Photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation

74
Q

The cell of the retina that produces an action potential that goes to the brain is a(n)

A

Ganglion cell

75
Q

The first step in the process of photo reception is

A

Absorption of a photon by a visual pigment

76
Q

Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones?

A

Inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment

77
Q

Photoreceptor celos that are most useful in dim light are

A

Rods

78
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches basilar membrane?

  • moves up and down due to currents in perilymph
  • transmits movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
  • supports the olfactory organ
  • tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
  • covers over the oval window
A

Moves up and down due to currents in the perilymph

79
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths?

  • move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
  • transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
  • bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
  • tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
  • seal the oval window
A

Tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

80
Q

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers will stimulate receptors in the

A

Utricle and saccule

81
Q

Low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells on which part of the basilar membrane?

A

Distal end

82
Q

Steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation.

A
  • movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus
  • movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes
  • movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
  • the pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window
  • distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the spiral organ to vibrate against the tectorial membrane
  • displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve
83
Q

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

A

The force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae

84
Q

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

A

Semicircular canals

85
Q

Why does the smell of formaldehyde seem to dissipate during the time you spend in the dissection lab, yet you are able to detect the cologne of someone who just entered the lab?

A

Central adaptation has occurred, through olfactory receptors retain sensitivity to other smells

86
Q

Why are rods best suited for night vision?

A

Rods have a low threshold for activation

87
Q

Where are the sensory receptors that respond to rotational movements of the head?

A

In the anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular ducts

88
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the location of rods and cones on the retina?

A

Cones are located at the center of the retina, rods at the peripherary.

89
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  • gustatory receptors are mechanoreceptors
  • rods are mechanoreceptors
  • olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors
  • hair cells are chemoreceptors
A

Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors

90
Q

Our taste buds are most receptive to

A

Bitter

91
Q

Which of the following is not true about the resting state of rods?

  • it is during darkness
  • retinal is in 11-cis form
  • gated sodium channels are open
  • bleaching occurs
  • membrane potential is around-40mV
A

Bleaching occurs

92
Q

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on

A

Which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated

93
Q

True or false

Olfactory receptors are modified neurons

A

True

94
Q

True or false

At least two different types of cones are necessary for color vision to occur

A

True

95
Q

True or false

Your eyes are light adapted when all visual pigments have recovered from bleaching

A

False

96
Q

During the time when the action potential moves through the sarcolemma a muscle twitch is in

A

Latent period

97
Q

The type of contraction where the tension is less than the load is called

A

Isotonic eccentric contraction

Physiology (3 decks)

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