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Physiology > Unit 1 Phys > Flashcards

Unit 1 Phys Flashcards

1
Q

study of structure and the physical relationships between body parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

example of anatomy

A

how a muscle attaches to the skeleton

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3
Q

study of living organisms perform vital functions

A

physiology

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4
Q

example of physiology

A

how a muscle contracts and the force it exerts

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5
Q

there is a close link between

A

structure and function

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6
Q

(blanks) at each level determines structure and function of higher levels

A

organization

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7
Q

organization of the human body

A

cellular–> tissue –> organ –> organ system–> organism

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8
Q

molecular interactions–> cell

A

cellular

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9
Q

example of cellular level

A

protein filaments

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10
Q

group of cells–> specific function

A

tissue

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11
Q

example of tissue level

A

coordinated contractions

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12
Q

> or equal to 2 tissues–> specific function

A

organ and organ system

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13
Q

example of organ

A

pump blood

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14
Q

example of organ system level

A

circulate blood through vessels

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15
Q

for life to continue, precise internal body conditions must be (BLANK)

A

maintained regardless of external conditions

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

existence of a relatively stable internal environment

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17
Q

the principal function of regulatory systems is to maintain

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

characteristics of homeostasis

A
  • not a static process (dynamic equilibrium)
  • requires energy
  • conditions maintained via feedback systems
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19
Q

autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

A

cell/tissue/organ adjusts to change in environment

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20
Q

extrinsic regulation

A

nervous system or endocrine system (adjust many simultaneously)

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21
Q

nervous system regulation characteristics

A

fast; short duration

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22
Q

nervous system

A

electrical communication via nerve tissue

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23
Q

endocrine system regulation characteristics

A

slow; long duration

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24
Q

endocrine system

A

chemical communication via bloodstream

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25
Q

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms require 3 parts

A

1) receptor
2) control center
3) effector

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26
Q

receptor

A

sensor sensitive to stimulus

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27
Q

control center

A

receives information from receptor and sends out commands

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28
Q

effector

A

responds to commands from control center

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29
Q

negative feedback

A

drives system toward set point

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30
Q

can a set point change?

A

yes

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31
Q

positive feedback

A

drives system away from set point

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32
Q

individual variability in set points

A

genetic factors, age, gender, general health, environment

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33
Q

3 types of membrane transport

A

1) diffusion
2) carrier mediated transport
3) vesicular transport

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34
Q

diffusion

A

passive, movement from high [solute] to low [solute] concentration gradient

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35
Q

what types of molecules for diffusion?

A

lipid soluble or small molecules

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36
Q

dissolved gases, lipid-soluble drugs, water through membrane

A

simple diffusion

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37
Q

water, ions through channel protein

A

channel mediated diffusion

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38
Q

special case of diffusion

A

osmosis

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39
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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40
Q

water moves from (blank) to (blank) for osmosis

A

high [water] to low [water]

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41
Q

force with which water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration

A

osmotic pressure

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42
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure oppose

A

osmotic pressure

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43
Q

hypotonic looks like

A

cell full

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44
Q

hypertonic looks like

A

cell shrunken

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45
Q

some pediatricians recommend using a 10% salt solution as a nasal spray to relieve congestion in infants with stuffy noses. what effect would such a solution have on the cells lining the nasal cavity, and why?

A

cells will lose water because this is a hypertonic solution

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46
Q

carrier mediated transport

A
  • requires specialized integral membrane proteins
  • bind specific molecules
  • can be regulated
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47
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • passive transportation
  • molecules too large for simple diffusion
  • [high] to [low]
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48
Q

types of carrier mediated transport

A

1) facilitated diffusion

2) active transport

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49
Q

active transport

A
  • movement of solutes against [gradient] (REQUIRE ENERGY ATP)
  • some move multiple ions
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50
Q

example of facilitated diffusion

A

glucose

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51
Q

example of active transport

A

ion pumps

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52
Q

primary active transport

A

transport using ATP

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53
Q

what is an example of countertransport

A

sodium potassium exchange pump

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54
Q

secondary active transport

A

passive transport that uses ATP to regain homeostasis

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55
Q

vesicular transport

A

requires energy and the material moves in vesicles (bulk)

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56
Q

endocytosis

A

material enters cell

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57
Q

exocytosis

A

material exits cell

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58
Q

what material leaves with exocytosis

A

secretory products, waste

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59
Q

nervous system

A
  • all neural tissue in the body
  • directs immediate response to stimuli
  • coordinates the activities of other organ systems
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60
Q

nervous system basic functional unit

A

neuron

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61
Q

central nervous system

A

control center

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62
Q

central nervous system consists of

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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63
Q
  • complex integrative functions

- voluntary and involuntary

A

brain

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64
Q
  • relays information to/from brain
  • less complex integrative functions
  • many simple involuntary activities
A

spinal cord

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65
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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66
Q

enteric nervous system

A

walls of digestive tract

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67
Q

functional divisions of the PNS

A

afferent division and efferent division

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68
Q

afferent division

A

brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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69
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands from the CNS to effectors

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70
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-controls skeletal muscle contractions

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71
Q

somatic nervous system consists of

A

voluntary and involuntary

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72
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretions at subconscious level

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73
Q

autonomic nervous system consists of

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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74
Q

negative feedback reduces

A

distance from set point

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75
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

bleeding and childbirth

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76
Q

plasma membrane has

A

passive and active transport

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77
Q

plasma membrane is

A

selectively permeable

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78
Q

channel mediated example

A

LEAK channels always open

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79
Q

what are specific to particular ions

A

LEAK channels

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80
Q

rate of diffusion can

A

change by changing number of channels

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81
Q

what is critical to water balance in cells

A

solute concentration

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82
Q

describes effects of a solution on a cell

A

tonicity

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83
Q

isotonic

A

does not create a net flow of water into or out of cell

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84
Q

hypotonic concentrations

A

solute concentration outside < inside

water concentration outside > inside

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85
Q

hypotonic net movement of water

A

into cell

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86
Q

hypertonic concentration

A

water concentration inside > outside

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87
Q

hypertonic net movement of water

A

out of cell

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88
Q

saline

A

0.9% NaCl for dehydration

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89
Q

carrier mediated transport can be used for

A

regulation # of proteins and other molecules

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90
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking, fluid

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91
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

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92
Q

two key types of regulation

A

extrinsic and intrinsic (auto)

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93
Q

afferens

A

to bring to

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94
Q

effero

A

to bring out

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95
Q

types of transport

A

-diffusion, carrier mediated, vesicular

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96
Q

two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the afferent and efferent divisions. what are their respective functions?

A

sensory input to the CNS; carries motor commands to muscles or glands

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97
Q

nervous system anatomical divisions

A

central, peripheral, enteric

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98
Q

functional divisions of PNS

A

afferent and efferent

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99
Q

efferent splits into

A

somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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100
Q

neurons cell body

A

soma…nucleus, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, RER

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101
Q

neurons dendrites

A

extend from cell body

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102
Q

neurons axon

A

cytoplasmic process capable of propagating electrical impulse

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103
Q

specialized site where neuron communicates with another cell

A

synapse

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104
Q

presynaptic cell

A

sends

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105
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

receives

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106
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

contain neurotransmitters

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107
Q

synaptic cleft

A

separates pre- and post synaptic membranes

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108
Q

how do neurons communicate with each other

A

synapse

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109
Q

neurotransmitters, enzymes, lysosomes along axon

A

axoplasmic transport

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110
Q

cell body to synaptic terminal

A

anterograde

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111
Q
  • synaptic terminal to cell body

- route for viral infection

A

retrograde

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112
Q

rabies bite

A

virus in peripheral tissues

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113
Q

steps of rabies

A
  • virus infects muscle cells–multiplies
  • virus enters synaptic terminals–retrograde transport
  • CNS: symptoms
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114
Q

rabies problems

A
  • hydrophobia (saliva glands)

- heightened aggression

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115
Q

cell bodies in peripheral sensory ganglia

A

sensory (afferent) neurons, collection neuron PNS

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116
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons location

A

between sensory receptor and CNS

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117
Q

sensory receptors

A

processes of specialized sensory neurons, or cells monitored by sensory neurons

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118
Q

what are the types of receptors

A

interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors

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119
Q

Somatic =

A

skeletal

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120
Q

multipolar neurons are found as

A

motor and interneurons

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121
Q

motor (efferent) neurons receive

A

instructions from CNS

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122
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

skeletal muscle

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123
Q

somatic motor neurons characteristics

A

-cell body in CNS and concious control

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124
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

other peripheral effectors through second set of VMN

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125
Q

interneurons are

A

most numerous type

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126
Q

interneurons location

A

brain and spinal cord between sensory and motor neurons

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127
Q

interneurons functions

A

involved in higher functions, distribution of sensory information, coordination of motor activity

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128
Q

neuroglia are found in

A

cns and pns

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129
Q

central nervous system contains (BLANK) cells

A

-astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

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130
Q

peripheral nervous system contains (BLANK) cells

A

-satellite cells and schwann cells

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131
Q

surround all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

A

Schwann

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132
Q

mylinate

A

schwann and oligodendrocytes

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133
Q

myelinated CNS axons; provide structural framework

A

oligodendrocytes

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134
Q

membrane potential

A

plasma membrane slightly negative inside

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135
Q

plasma membrane characteristics

A

-differences in permeability to various ions

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136
Q

plasma membrane type of transport

A

active

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137
Q

resting potential

A

undisturbed cell

-10 mV to -100 mV (neg)

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138
Q

passive forces include

A

chemical and electrical gradients

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139
Q

concentration gradient

A

chemical

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140
Q

pos and neg ions held apart, resting potential

A

electrical

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141
Q

sodium outside or inside

A

outside

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142
Q

potassium outside or inside

A

inside

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143
Q

membrane potential = charge

A

inside vs outside

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144
Q

fat membrane potential number

A

-40

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145
Q

thyroid membrane potential number

A

-50

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146
Q

neurons membrane potential number

A

-70

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147
Q

skeletal muscle membrane potential number

A

-85

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148
Q

cardiac membrane potential number

A

-90

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149
Q

how much membrane restricts ion movement (current)

A

resistance

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150
Q

change resistance by

A

opening and closing ion channels

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151
Q

sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion across the plasma membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

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152
Q
  • chemical gradient moves out of cell

- attracted to neg charge inside cell

A

potassium ions

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153
Q

equilibrium potential (no net movement) of potassium

A

-90 mV

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154
Q
  • chemical gradient moves into cell

- attracted to neg charge inside cell

A

sodium ions

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155
Q

equilibrium potential (no net movement) of sodium

A

+66 mV

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156
Q

important characteristic of sodium ion

A

permeability low, pumped out

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157
Q

remove Na+ and recapture K+

A

active forces

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158
Q

active forces involve

A

sodium potassium ATPase

  • 3Na+ for every 2 K+
  • balances diffusion
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159
Q

cells are dynamic so

A

membrane potential changes

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160
Q

passive channels

A

leak, always open and permeability can change

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161
Q

active channels

A

gated, open or close in response to stimuli

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162
Q

graded potentials characteristic

A

-gated channels open, membrane potential shifts

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163
Q

graded potentials movement of ions

A

parallel to membrane- local current

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164
Q

degree of depolarization

A

decreases with distance

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165
Q

graded potentials do what

A

triggers specific cell functions

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166
Q

change in membrane potential consists of

A

depolarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization

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167
Q

Na+ voltage gated channels has 3 states

A

open (activated)
closed (capable of opening)
closed (inactivated)

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168
Q

how large depolarized area is depends on

A

strength of stimulus and area stimulated

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169
Q

depolarization

A

shift to more + potential

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170
Q

repolarization

A

restoration of normal resting potential after depolarization

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171
Q

hyperpolarizaton

A

shift to more negative potential

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172
Q

what effect would a chemical that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels have on a neuron’s ability to depolarize?

A

decrease/unable to depolarize because flow of sodium is what causes depolarization so this can’t occur if it is blocked

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173
Q

what effect would decreasing the concentration of extracellular K+ ions have on the membrane potential of a neuron?

A

cause hyperpolarization

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174
Q

remove K+ it

A

increases the chemical gradient and more K+ will move out of cell through leak channels

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175
Q

mechanically gated ion channel opens in response to

A

distortion of the membrane

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176
Q

voltage gated ion channel response to

A

changes in the membrane potential

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177
Q

example of what happens with Na+ voltage gated ion channel

A
  • resting potential of -70mV, closed
  • at -60 opens
  • at +30 inactivated
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178
Q

chemically gated channel example

A

ligand gated, opens in response to presence of ACh (ligand) at binding site

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179
Q

Fugu puffer fish example

A
  • tetrodotoxin is found in liver and skin
  • binds voltage gated sodium channels
  • paralyzed but remain conscious
  • toxin produced by bacteria so non-toxic fugu can be produced
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180
Q

propagated changes in the membrane potential that affect an entire excitable membrane

A

action potential

181
Q

chain reaction

A

-initial segment to synaptic terminals

182
Q

threshold of action potential

A

all or none

183
Q

generation of action potentials step 1

A

1) depolarization to threshold (-70 mv to -60)

184
Q

generation of action potentials step 2

A

2) activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization (-60 to 10 mv)

185
Q

generation of action potentials step 3

A

3) inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels (10-30)

186
Q

during generation of action potentials step 3

A

electrical and chemical gradients favor movement of K+ out of cell

187
Q

generation of action potentials step 4

A

4) return to normal permeability (30 to -90mv) with hyper polarization

188
Q

membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli

A

refractory period

189
Q

cannot respond at all during

A

absolute refractory period

190
Q

another AP can occur if sufficient depolarization during

A

relative refractory period

191
Q

“message” is relayed from one location to another in series of repeated steps

A

action potential propagation

192
Q

continuous propagation

A

unmyelinated axons (1m/sec)

193
Q

saltatory propagation

A
  • myelinated axon
  • only nodes depolarize
  • faster, less energy
194
Q

node =

A

exposed axon

195
Q

action potential jumps along nodes and is

A

less energy

196
Q

large diameter (4-20um), myelinated

A

type A fibers

197
Q

axon groups

A

type A, B, C fibers

198
Q
  • up to 120 m/sec
  • sensory info (position, balance, touch, pressure)
  • motor neurons to skeletal muscles
A

type A fibers

199
Q

smaller (2-4um), myelinated

A

type B fibers

200
Q

-ave 18 m/s

A

type B fibers

201
Q

small (< 2um), unmyleinated

A

type C fibers

202
Q
  • 1m/s
  • temp, pain, touch
  • instructions to smooth muscles, glands
A

type C fibers

203
Q

what would happen if the myelin was removed in axon groups?

A

lack coordination between input and output

-ex) multiple sclerosis, progressive loss of myelin across neurons (axons)

204
Q

message transfer to another cell

A

synaptic activity

205
Q

gap junctions link pre and postsynaptic membranes

A

electrical synapses

206
Q

local currents affect other cell, not common

A

electrical synapses

207
Q

dynamic, may be modified

A

chemical synapses

208
Q

communication in one direction

A

chemical synapses

209
Q

neurotransmitters classified based on effects

A

chemical synapses, excitatory vs inhibitory

210
Q

cause depolarization

A

excitatory

211
Q

cause hyperpolarization

A

inhibitory

212
Q

depends on properties of the receptor (not neurotransmitter)

A

chemical synapses

213
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by presynaptic neurons into synaptic cleft

214
Q

widespread, best studied neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

215
Q

cholinergic synapses

A

release ACh

216
Q

cholinergic synapses

A
  • all neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle)
  • many synapses in CNS, all neuron-neuron synapses in PNS
  • all parasympathetic junctions
217
Q

ACh is found in

A

synaptic vesicles

218
Q

events at a cholinergic synapse

A
  • action potential arrives at axon terminal
  • voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  • ACh binds to receptors
  • AChE breaks down ACh
219
Q

voltage gated Ca++ channels open

A
  • trigger exocytosis

- Ca++ rapidly removed by active transport

220
Q

ACh binds to receptors

A
  • graded potential

- action potential if threshold reached

221
Q

AChE breaks down ACh

A
  • choline absorbed into axon terminal

- acetate metabolized

222
Q

synaptic delay

A

0.2 to 0.5 msec leads to more synapses, longer propagation time and fatigue can occur

223
Q

adrenergic synapses in brain, ANS

-depolarizing inhibits hyper polarization

A

norepinephrine (NE)- noradrenaline

224
Q
  • learning, mood, attention
  • inhibatory (fine control of movements)
  • excitatory
A

dopamine CNS

225
Q

lack of inhibitory neurons is characteristic of

A

parkinsons

226
Q
  • mood, appetite, sleep, muscle contraction

- inadequate production (SIDS< OCD< DEPRESSION)

A

serotonin (CNS and GI tract)

227
Q

-inhibitory, brain

A

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

228
Q

SNDRI

A

reuptake inhibitor

229
Q

SNDRA

A

releasing agent (change amt)

230
Q

picrotoxin

A

blocks receptor

231
Q

alter rate of neurotransmitter release or change response

A

neuromodulators

232
Q

slow action on multiple neurons

A

neuromodulators

233
Q

affect many neurons in a wider area (no one target cell)

A

neuromodulators

234
Q

activity of receptor determines cell response to

A

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator action

235
Q

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator action (direct)

A

-direct effect on membrane potential (open or close gated ion channels)

236
Q

neurotransmitter and neuromodulator action (indirect)

A

-indirect effect on membrane potential (work through second messenger cAMP)

237
Q

lipid soluble gases

A

bind to enzymes

238
Q

Homeostasis and fever

A

Homeostasis acts to change the set point of body temperature and fevers are actually a useful response because heat creates a hostile environment for invaders

239
Q

Net effect on membrane potential occurs in

A

Axon hillock

240
Q

Axon hillock functions

A
  • integrates excitatory and inhibitory stimuli

- initial segment —> action potential

241
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Graded depolarization

242
Q

EPSP open chemically gated (BLANK) channels

A

Na+

243
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Graded hyperpolarization

244
Q

IPSP open chemically gated (BLANK) channels

A

K+

245
Q

Summation

A

Effects of all graded potentials

246
Q

Temporal

A

Stimuli in rapid succession at single synapse

247
Q

Spatial

A

Simultaneous stimuli at different locations

248
Q

Facilitation

A

Membrane potential shifted closer to threshold

249
Q

Neurotransmitters include

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

250
Q

Axon hillock

A

Mechanically and chemically graded potentials

251
Q

Initial segment of neuron

A

Voltage gated channels participating in action potential

252
Q

EPSP, (BLANK) MV and function

A

0.5 MV, sufficient depolarization causes action potential

253
Q

Summation takes place at

A

Axon hillock

254
Q

When does summation occur?

A

Depolarization enough for action potential signal

255
Q

Stimuli in rapid succession at single synapse

A

Temporal

256
Q

Simultaneous stimuli at different locations

A

Spatial

257
Q

Facilitation

A

Membrane potential shifted closer to threshold

258
Q

Farther from threshold

A

Inhibition

259
Q

Different ways information processing takes place at neuron

A

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation

260
Q

Reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released

A

Presynaptic inhibition

261
Q

Increases the amount of neurotransmitter released

A

Presynaptic facilitation

262
Q

Key question regarding signaling?

A

Enough depolarization at axon hillock to generate signal?

263
Q

Frequency of action potentials can change (BLANK)

A

Message

264
Q

Greater depolarization of axon hillock results in (BLANK)

A

Higher frequency of action potentials

265
Q

What limits action potential within given neuron?

A

Absolute refractory period limits # action potentials generated

266
Q

Neuronal pods

A

20 billion interneurons- organized into functional groups in CNS

267
Q

Few thousand pools

A
  • limited number of inputs and outputs
  • excitatory and inhibitory neurons
  • may be diffuse or localized
268
Q

Functional characteristics of neuronal pods

A
  • divergence
  • convergence
  • serial processing
  • parallel processing
  • reverberation
269
Q

Usual info sent to many parts of brain (posture and response)

A

Divergence

270
Q

Motor neuron subject to conscious and subconscious control

A

Convergence

271
Q

One part of brain to another

A

Serial processing

272
Q

Many responses simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

273
Q

Response sustained consciousness and normal breathing activities

A

Reverberation

274
Q

Information processing occurs at level of

A

Neuron and groups of neurons

275
Q

Complex neural processing occurs in

A

Spinal cord and brain

276
Q

Simple neural processing occurs in

A

PNS and spinal cord

277
Q

What is in charge of reflexes?

A

Simple neural processing

278
Q

Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli with little variability

A

Reflexes

279
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway of single reflex

280
Q

Steps of reflex arc

A

1) activation of receptor
2) activation of sensory neuron
3) information processing by interneuron
4) activation of motor neuron
5) response of effector

281
Q

Reflex generally (BLANK)

A

Generally removes or opposes the original stimulus

282
Q

Reflex is a positive or negative feedback system

A

Negative feedback

283
Q

Receptor

A

Specialized cell and sensory neuron

284
Q

Steps of reflex arc from in class

A

1) receptor
2) sensory neuron activated
3) sensory neuron —> NT
4) motor neuron activated
5) motor neuron releases NT (neurotransmitters)

285
Q

Sensory neuron —> NT

A

Interneuron activated, multiple inputs

286
Q

Motor neuron releases NT

A

Stimulate effector

287
Q

Classification of reflexes

A
  • development
  • response
  • complexity of circuit
  • processing site
288
Q

Development classification

A

Innate (genetic) and acquired (learned)

289
Q

Response classification

A

Somatic and visceral

290
Q

Somatic

A

Control skeletal muscle contractions and include superficial and stretch reflexes

291
Q

Visceral

A

Control actions of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

292
Q

Complexity of circuit classification

A

Monosynaptic and polysnaptic

293
Q

Monosynaptic

A

One synapse, 2 neurons

294
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Multiple synapses (2 to several hundred)

295
Q

Processing site classification

A

Signal reflexes and cranial reflexes

296
Q

Processing in spinal cord

A

Spinal reflexes

297
Q

Processing in brain

A

Cranial reflexes

298
Q

Sensory neuron synapses directly on motor neuron

A

Monosynaptic

299
Q

Example of monosynaptic

A

Stretch reflex (incl., patellar, postural)

300
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Stimulus is increasing muscle length

-counteracts stimulus, reduces chance of damage

301
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Muscle spindles

302
Q

Stretching (BLANK) frequency of action potentials

A

Increases

303
Q

Compressing (BLANK) frequency of action potentials

A

Decreases

304
Q

Type A fibers are

A

Fastest, similar to monosynaptic

305
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Complex responses

306
Q

Polysynaptic characteristics

A
  • involve pools of interneurons
  • involve reciprocal inhibition
  • have reverberating circuits
  • cooperate to produce coordinated response
307
Q

What can affect reflexes

A

Higher centers

308
Q

Higher centers

A
  • descending pathways from brain modify motor patterns

- facilitate or inhibit

309
Q

Polysynaptic examples

A

-withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex

310
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A
  • flexors contract, extensos relax
  • reciprocal inhibition
  • versatile in response
311
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A
  • motor response also on side opposite to stimulus

- complements flexor reflex

312
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Overrides stretch reflex

313
Q

Receptors, sensory neurons, sensory pathways =

A

Afferent division

314
Q

Receptive field

A

Area monitored by single receptor (neuron)

315
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • specificity
  • receptive field
  • labeled line
  • adaptation
316
Q

One type of stimulus

A

Specificity

317
Q

Identifies type of stimulus

A

Labeled line to CNS

318
Q

Reduction in sensitivity

A

Adaptation

319
Q

All information is conveyed in form of

A

Action potentials

320
Q

Specificity example

A

Free nerve endings

321
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Dendrites of sensory neurons

322
Q

Free nerve endings purpose

A

Pain —> tissue damage, chemicals and extreme temps

323
Q

How does brain determine different senses?

A

Has to do with labeled lines

324
Q

Labeled line

A

Link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron

325
Q

How does labeled line work ?

A

Each line (group of neurons) carries info about one type of stimulus

326
Q

Example of labeled lines

A

Rubbing eyes, brain interprets light

327
Q

Where line arrives in sensory cortex determines

A

Perceived location

328
Q

Labeled line key things

A

-strength of signal, duration, variation of stimulus- frequency and pattern of action potentials

329
Q

Adaptation

A

Constant stimulus

330
Q

Peripheral adaptation

A

Receptors activity changes

331
Q

Temperature receptors are

A

Fast adapting

332
Q

Pain receptors are

A

Slowadapting

333
Q

Central adaptation

A

Pathway to CNS where sensory neuron is still active

334
Q

Example of central adaptation

A

Smell

335
Q

Example of peripheral adaptation

A

Temperature and pain receptors

336
Q

Adaptors (BLANK) or (BLANK) receptor sensitivity or signal transmission

A

Facilitate or inhibit

337
Q

General sensory receptors

A

Throughout body and are relatively simple

338
Q

Classify general sensory receptors

A

By nature of stimulus

339
Q

Most processing occurs along

A

Sensory pathways

340
Q

Visceral

A

Fewer pain, temp, touch receptors and no proprioceptors

341
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain

342
Q

Where do nociceptors occur?

A

Skin, joints, bones, and blood vessels

343
Q

Nociceptor description

A

Free nerve endings with large receptive fields

344
Q

Nociceptor characteristics

A

Temperature extremes, damage, chemicals

345
Q

Nociceptor peripheral adaptation

A

Little

346
Q

Nociceptors CNS

A

Facilitation, inhibition in CNS

347
Q

Classification of nociceptor and chemoreceptors

A

By stimuli

348
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Production of endorphins

349
Q

Sensory receptors

A

-specificity
-receptor field
-labeled line
-adaptation
—-peripheral (receptor) or central (CNS)

350
Q

Chemoreceptors characteristics

A
  • water soluble, lipid soluble substances
  • adaptation
  • pH, CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid, blood
351
Q

Thermoreceptors found

A

Free nerve endings in dermis, muscles, liver, hypothalamus

352
Q

Thermoreceptors pathway

A

Same as pain and quickly adapt

353
Q

Chemoreceptors adaptation

A

Peripheral and possibly central

354
Q

Chemoreceptors info

A

No info to primary sensory Cortex

355
Q

Pathway for thermoreceptors and nociceptors

A

Labeled lines

356
Q

Mechanoreceptors stimuli

A

Distort plasma membranes

357
Q

Types of mechanoreceptors

A

Tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

358
Q

Mechanoreceptors are

A

Mechanically gated channels

359
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Position of joints and muscles, some info is conscious

360
Q

Tactile

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration

-range of receptors specialized to respond to specific stimuli

361
Q

Baroreceptors

A

-pressure changes in walls of tracts; free nerve endings

362
Q

Somatic sensory pathways

A
  • three major pathways up spinal cord

- information from skin, skeletal muscles

363
Q

Three major pathways up spinal cord

A
  • fine touch, pressure, proprioceptors
  • crude touch, pressure, pain, temperature
  • proprioceptors to cerebellum
364
Q

Visceral sensory pathways

A
  • interceptors

- not to primary sensory cortex

365
Q

Role of major pathways

A

Each one caries a particular message

366
Q

Pathway description

A

Physical pathways created by neurons traveling in a group

367
Q

1st order pathway

A

Sensory neurons

368
Q

Second order pathway

A

Interneurons (CNS)

369
Q

3rd order neuron

A

Thalamus to primary sensory cortex

370
Q

Pathway application to real life

A

Brain mapping and stimulation

-phantom limb pain

371
Q

Somatic motor system

A
  • controls contractions of skeletal muscles
  • three motor pathways
  • conscious motor control, subconscious regulation
372
Q

Spinal, cranial reflexes

A

Rapid, involuntary responses

373
Q

Integrative centers in brain

A

More complex processing

374
Q

Atuonomic nervous system two main subdivisions

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

375
Q

Role of autonomic ns

A

Routine homeostatic adjustments

376
Q

Sympathetic definition

A

Fight or flight

-prepares body for heightened levels of somatic activity

377
Q

Sympathetic regulation

A

Increase tissue metabolism, alertness

Decrease digestive, urinary activities

378
Q

Parasympathetic definition

A

Rest and digest

-conserves energy, promotes sedentary activities

379
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system control

A

Increase digestion, secretion

Decrease energy demand, heart rate

380
Q

Sympathetic activation

A

Entire division responds

381
Q

Steps of sympathetic activation

A

1) release of norepinephrine (NE) at peripheral synapses

2) release of NE and epinephrine (E) from adrenal medulla -hormones

382
Q
  • affects cells not innervated by sympathetic fibers

- effects last much longer

A

Release of NE and epinephrine from adrenal medulla

383
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A
  • preganglionic fiber relates ACh
  • branching network of telodendria
  • varicosities
  • many release NE (adrenergic)
  • others release ACh
  • broken down by enzymes
384
Q

Somatic motor system pathways

A

1) from primary motor cortex

2-3) from midbrain

385
Q

Pathway from motor cortex

A

Conscious control

386
Q

Pathway from midbrain

A

Subconscious control (muscles of trunk and proximal/distal limbs)

387
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Size of body part, # of sensory receptors

388
Q

Motor humunculus

A

Size of body part, # of motor units (amt control)

389
Q

If neuron is more or less likely to fire it is

A

Facilitated vs inhibited

390
Q

If you prevent inactivation and K+ from opening then…

A

Depolarization can’t take place, then membrane continues to be depolarized and neurotransmitters continue to be released. A constant stimulation of muscles occurs until neurotransmitters run out. This causes a muscle lock/spasm until paralysis occurs.

391
Q

Change in potential at which voltage gated Na+ channels open

A

Open at more positive = shift threshold away from resting potential and it is hard to reach

392
Q

3 states of gates

A

Open (-60)
Close and active (third mem potential)
Closed and inactive (+33)

393
Q

When the membrane potential is reached, what happens?

A

State is changed

394
Q

Membrane potential of states are

A

Independent of each other

395
Q

Varicosites

A

Swelling in vessel

-neurotransmitter stored and released

396
Q

Sympathetic neurons simple pathway

A

Preganglionic fiber, ganglion (ACh), postganglionic, NE/ACh

397
Q

Effects of sympathetic stimulation depends on

A

Receptors

398
Q

Norepinephrine stimulates

A

Alpha receptors more than beta receptors

399
Q

Epinephrine stimulates

A

Both alpha and beta

400
Q

Adrenergic receptors are

A

G proteins

401
Q

G proteins produce

A

Second messengers

402
Q

(BLANK) stimulate enzymes on inside of plasma membrane

A

Alpha receptors

403
Q

Release Ca++ from ER, excitatory effect on target cell

A

Alpha 1

404
Q

Lowers cAMP levels, inhibits target cell

A

Alpha 2

405
Q

Trigger changes in metabolic activity of target cell

A

Beta receptors

406
Q

Increase in metabolic activity, increased heart rate and force

A

Beta 1

407
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscles of respiratory tract

A

Beta 2

408
Q

Lipolysis- release fatty acids

A

Beta 3

409
Q

What cause vasodilation in skeletal muscles, brain

A

ACh and NO

410
Q

Out of the alpha receptors what are more common

A

Alpha 1

411
Q

B1

A

Liver

412
Q

B2

A

Inhibit

413
Q

B3

A

Adipose tissues

414
Q

asthma inhaler has to do with

A

Beta 2

415
Q

ACh and NO cause vasodilation in skeletal muscles, brain

A

Adrenergic

416
Q

ACh vasodilation

A

Sweat glands and dilate blood vessels —> muscles and brain

417
Q

NO vasodilation

A

Blood vessel walls—> dilation

418
Q

How would a drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors affect the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Widespread excitatory response, stimulates postganglionic fibers, large/widespread sympathetic response

419
Q

An individual with high blood pressure is given a medication that blocks beta receptors. How could this medication help correct that person’s condition?

A

B1 blocked which blocks metabolic activity such as an increase in heart rate which will lead to contraction and reduce the heart rate

420
Q

Parasympathetic activation

A

All parasympathetic neurons release ACh

421
Q

All parasympathetic neurons release ACh

A
  • effects localized and short lived

- narrow synaptic clefts

422
Q

Nicotinic

A

Skeletal muscles, excitatory, both para and symp

423
Q

Ganglion cells (symp and parasympathetic), somatic neuromuscular

A

Nicotinic

424
Q

Open chemically Na+ gated channels

A

Nicotinic

425
Q

Nicotine poisoning

A

High blood pressure, rapid heart rate

426
Q

Muscarinic

A

Neuromuscular, neuroglandular

427
Q

Muscarinic G proteins

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

428
Q

Muscarinic changes permeability to

A

K+

429
Q

Muscarinic poisoning

A

Slow heart rate, low blood pressure, constricted respiratory passages

430
Q

Two types of receptors

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

431
Q

Sympathetic receptors

A

Organs and tissues throughout body

432
Q

Parasympathetic receptors

A

Visceral structures

433
Q

Dual innervation

A

Innervations from both and usually opposing effects

434
Q

Autonomic tone

A

Resting level of activity

435
Q

Autonomic tone function

A

Increase or decrease activity (gives nervous system finer control, input of information)

436
Q

Example of autonomic tone

A

Heart function

437
Q

Para vs symp autonomic tone

A

Parasymp dominates when at rest vs symp dominates when crisis

438
Q

Examples of visceral reflexes

A

Pupils dilate, swallow, urination

439
Q

Visceral reflexes all are

A

Polysynaptic

440
Q

Describe visceral reflexes

A

Modified, facilitated, inhibited, integrated by higher centers

441
Q

Long reflexes

A

Sensory info to CNS

442
Q

Short reflexes

A

CNS not involved

443
Q

Describe long reflexes characteristics

A

Processing in CNS and coordinate organ activities

444
Q

Short reflexes

A

CNS not involved

445
Q

Describe short reflexes

A
  • autonomic ganglion

- localized control

446
Q

Enteric nervous system

A
  • walls of digestive tract
  • short reflexes
  • controls digestive function without CNS
447
Q

Higher levels of control

A

Simple and complex reflexes

448
Q

Simple reflexes

A

Rapid automatic response

449
Q

Complex reflexes

A

Coordinated by brain

-activity in other portions of brain affect autonomic and somatic function

Physiology (3 decks)

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