Unit 2

Question 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

1849-1936; Russian physiologist; first to study basic principles of classical conditioning (reflexes, stimuli, responses)

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Answer 3

Conditioned emotional response

Question 4

Develop a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Answer 4

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 5

Tendency to learn certain associations with only or few pairings due to survival value of the learning

Answer 5

Biological preparedness

Question 6

Voluntary behavior learned through consequences

Answer 6

Operant conditioning

Question 7

Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated

Answer 7

Thorndike’s law of effects

Question 8

1904-1990; Studied observable, measurable behavior; Operant - voluntary behavior; learning depends on consequences

Answer 8

B.F. Skinner

Question 9

Any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

Answer 9

Punishment

Question 10

What are the 4 ways to modify behavior?

Answer 10

Postive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement; negative punishment

Question 11

Rewarding someone with something valued or desirable

Answer 11

Positive reinforcement

Question 12

Punishing someone with something unpleasant

Answer 12

Positive punishment

Question 13

Doing something to avoid a negative effect

Answer 13

Negative reinforcement

Question 14

Punishment by removal

Answer 14

Negative punishment

Question 15

5 drawbacks to severe punishment:

Answer 15

Fear, anxiety, lying, avoidance, modeling of aggression

Question 16

Punishment should be:

Answer 16

Immediate, consistent, paired with reinforcement for correct behavior

Question 17

Who is associated with observational learning?

Answer 17

Bandura

Question 18

Rewarding someone with something (giving someone a gold star for doing good)

Answer 18

Token economy

Question 19

Any consequence that makes a response more likely to happen again

Answer 19

Reinforcement

Question 20

reinforcer that meets a basic biological need or drive

Answer 20

primary reinforcer

Question 21

reinforcer that reinforces via pairing with a primary reinforcer

Answer 21

secondary reinforcer

Question 22

4 schedules of reinforcement:

Answer 22

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

Question 23

Same number of desired responses required (rapid response rate with short pauses) (vending machine)

Answer 23

Fixed ratio

Question 24

Number of responses required varies for each event (rapid rate without pauses) (slot machine)

Answer 24

Variable ratio

Question 25

Always same time before reinforcement opportunity (long pauses after reinforcement)

Answer 25

Fixed interval

Question 26

Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time (slower, steady rate without pausing) (fishing)

Answer 26

Variable interval

Question 27

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures (anagram)

Answer 27

Learned helplessness

Question 28

Person who found evidence in insight in chimpanzees

Answer 28

Kohler

Question 29

The four elements of observational learning:

Answer 29

Attention, memory, imitation, desire

Question 30

Where something will always be there (vending machine)

Answer 30

continuous reinforcement

Question 31

GAF stands for what?

Answer 31

Global Assessment function

Question 32

What is the scale for children?

Answer 32

WISC - Wechsler's intelligence scale for children

Question 33

What is the scale for adults

Answer 33

WIAS - Wechsler's Intelligence adult scale

Question 34

All tests must have what?

Answer 34

Validity, reliability & standardization

Question 35

Went to Princeton University; eugenics movement; created the ACT

Answer 35

Carl Brigham

Question 36

Hand chose children to take IQ test without teachers or children being aware; teachers gave children special attention bc they had higher scores

Answer 36

Rosenthal Effect

Question 37

Fantasy or behavior, lack of empathy, expects to be recognized as superior, believes they are special and can only be understood by other high status people

Answer 37

Grandiosity

Question 38

Made the first intelligence scale; from France

Answer 38

Alfred Burnet

Question 39

Mental retardation was changed to intellectual disability is called what

Answer 39

Rosa's law

Question 40

Did a longitudinal study on white men; thought white men were geniuses

Answer 40

Tearman

Question 41

Picture-like representations of objects and events

Answer 41

Mental imaging

Question 42

Idea that represents category of objects, events, or activities

Answer 42

Concept

Question 43

Cognition used to reach goal by thinking/ behaving in certain ways

Answer 43

Problem solving

Question 44

One possible solution after another is tried until successful

Answer 44

Trial and error

Question 45

Guaranteed solution to a problem

Answer 45

Algorithm

Question 46

Not guaranteed a solution to a problem

Answer 46

Puristics

Question 47

Saw intelligence as 2 different abilities: G and S factors

Answer 47

Charles Spearman

Question 48

What does G and S Factor mean?

Answer 48

General Intelligence and Specific Intelligence

Question 49

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Answer 49

Analytical, creative ,practical

Question 50

Break problems down into components

Answer 50

Analytical

Question 51

Deals with novel problems in new ways

Answer 51

Creative

Question 52

Use information for success in life (common sense)

Answer 52

Practical

Question 53

Measures various intellectual skills, originally used intelligence quotient, comparing mental age and chronological age

Answer 53

Stanford- Binet IQ test

Question 54

Use both verbal and nonverbal subtests to yield an overall score of intelligence and four index scores

Answer 54

The Wechsler Tests

Question 55

What are the four index scores of the Wechsler tests?

Answer 55

Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed