Unit 2 Flashcards
Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice
Learning
1849-1936; Russian physiologist; first to study basic principles of classical conditioning (reflexes, stimuli, responses)
Ivan Pavlov
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Conditioned emotional response
Develop a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
Conditioned taste aversion
Tendency to learn certain associations with only or few pairings due to survival value of the learning
Biological preparedness
Voluntary behavior learned through consequences
Operant conditioning
Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
Thorndike’s law of effects
1904-1990; Studied observable, measurable behavior; Operant - voluntary behavior; learning depends on consequences
B.F. Skinner
Any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again
Punishment
What are the 4 ways to modify behavior?
Postive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement; negative punishment
Rewarding someone with something valued or desirable
Positive reinforcement
Punishing someone with something unpleasant
Positive punishment
Doing something to avoid a negative effect
Negative reinforcement
Punishment by removal
Negative punishment
5 drawbacks to severe punishment:
Fear, anxiety, lying, avoidance, modeling of aggression
Punishment should be:
Immediate, consistent, paired with reinforcement for correct behavior
Who is associated with observational learning?
Bandura
Rewarding someone with something (giving someone a gold star for doing good)
Token economy
Any consequence that makes a response more likely to happen again
Reinforcement
reinforcer that meets a basic biological need or drive
primary reinforcer
reinforcer that reinforces via pairing with a primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
4 schedules of reinforcement:
fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval
Same number of desired responses required (rapid response rate with short pauses) (vending machine)
Fixed ratio
Number of responses required varies for each event (rapid rate without pauses) (slot machine)
Variable ratio
Always same time before reinforcement opportunity (long pauses after reinforcement)
Fixed interval
Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time (slower, steady rate without pausing) (fishing)
Variable interval
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures (anagram)
Learned helplessness
Person who found evidence in insight in chimpanzees
Kohler
The four elements of observational learning:
Attention, memory, imitation, desire
Where something will always be there (vending machine)
continuous reinforcement
GAF stands for what?
Global Assessment function
What is the scale for children?
WISC - Wechsler’s intelligence scale for children
What is the scale for adults
WIAS - Wechsler’s Intelligence adult scale
All tests must have what?
Validity, reliability & standardization
Went to Princeton University; eugenics movement; created the ACT
Carl Brigham
Hand chose children to take IQ test without teachers or children being aware; teachers gave children special attention bc they had higher scores
Rosenthal Effect
Fantasy or behavior, lack of empathy, expects to be recognized as superior, believes they are special and can only be understood by other high status people
Grandiosity
Made the first intelligence scale; from France
Alfred Burnet
Mental retardation was changed to intellectual disability is called what
Rosa’s law
Did a longitudinal study on white men; thought white men were geniuses
Tearman
Picture-like representations of objects and events
Mental imaging
Idea that represents category of objects, events, or activities
Concept
Cognition used to reach goal by thinking/ behaving in certain ways
Problem solving
One possible solution after another is tried until successful
Trial and error
Guaranteed solution to a problem
Algorithm
Not guaranteed a solution to a problem
Puristics
Saw intelligence as 2 different abilities: G and S factors
Charles Spearman
What does G and S Factor mean?
General Intelligence and Specific Intelligence
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Analytical, creative ,practical
Break problems down into components
Analytical
Deals with novel problems in new ways
Creative
Use information for success in life (common sense)
Practical
Measures various intellectual skills, originally used intelligence quotient, comparing mental age and chronological age
Stanford- Binet IQ test
Use both verbal and nonverbal subtests to yield an overall score of intelligence and four index scores
The Wechsler Tests
What are the four index scores of the Wechsler tests?
Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
