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Psychology 201 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice

A

Learning

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2
Q

1849-1936; Russian physiologist; first to study basic principles of classical conditioning (reflexes, stimuli, responses)

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

A

Conditioned emotional response

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4
Q

Develop a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

A

Conditioned taste aversion

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5
Q

Tendency to learn certain associations with only or few pairings due to survival value of the learning

A

Biological preparedness

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6
Q

Voluntary behavior learned through consequences

A

Operant conditioning

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7
Q

Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated

A

Thorndike’s law of effects

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8
Q

1904-1990; Studied observable, measurable behavior; Operant - voluntary behavior; learning depends on consequences

A

B.F. Skinner

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9
Q

Any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

A

Punishment

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10
Q

What are the 4 ways to modify behavior?

A

Postive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement; negative punishment

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11
Q

Rewarding someone with something valued or desirable

A

Positive reinforcement

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12
Q

Punishing someone with something unpleasant

A

Positive punishment

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13
Q

Doing something to avoid a negative effect

A

Negative reinforcement

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14
Q

Punishment by removal

A

Negative punishment

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15
Q

5 drawbacks to severe punishment:

A

Fear, anxiety, lying, avoidance, modeling of aggression

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16
Q

Punishment should be:

A

Immediate, consistent, paired with reinforcement for correct behavior

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17
Q

Who is associated with observational learning?

A

Bandura

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18
Q

Rewarding someone with something (giving someone a gold star for doing good)

A

Token economy

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19
Q

Any consequence that makes a response more likely to happen again

A

Reinforcement

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20
Q

reinforcer that meets a basic biological need or drive

A

primary reinforcer

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21
Q

reinforcer that reinforces via pairing with a primary reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer

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22
Q

4 schedules of reinforcement:

A

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

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23
Q

Same number of desired responses required (rapid response rate with short pauses) (vending machine)

A

Fixed ratio

24
Q

Number of responses required varies for each event (rapid rate without pauses) (slot machine)

A

Variable ratio

25
Q

Always same time before reinforcement opportunity (long pauses after reinforcement)

A

Fixed interval

26
Q

Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time (slower, steady rate without pausing) (fishing)

A

Variable interval

27
Q

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures (anagram)

A

Learned helplessness

28
Q

Person who found evidence in insight in chimpanzees

A

Kohler

29
Q

The four elements of observational learning:

A

Attention, memory, imitation, desire

30
Q

Where something will always be there (vending machine)

A

continuous reinforcement

31
Q

GAF stands for what?

A

Global Assessment function

32
Q

What is the scale for children?

A

WISC - Wechsler’s intelligence scale for children

33
Q

What is the scale for adults

A

WIAS - Wechsler’s Intelligence adult scale

34
Q

All tests must have what?

A

Validity, reliability & standardization

35
Q

Went to Princeton University; eugenics movement; created the ACT

A

Carl Brigham

36
Q

Hand chose children to take IQ test without teachers or children being aware; teachers gave children special attention bc they had higher scores

A

Rosenthal Effect

37
Q

Fantasy or behavior, lack of empathy, expects to be recognized as superior, believes they are special and can only be understood by other high status people

A

Grandiosity

38
Q

Made the first intelligence scale; from France

A

Alfred Burnet

39
Q

Mental retardation was changed to intellectual disability is called what

A

Rosa’s law

40
Q

Did a longitudinal study on white men; thought white men were geniuses

A

Tearman

41
Q

Picture-like representations of objects and events

A

Mental imaging

42
Q

Idea that represents category of objects, events, or activities

A

Concept

43
Q

Cognition used to reach goal by thinking/ behaving in certain ways

A

Problem solving

44
Q

One possible solution after another is tried until successful

A

Trial and error

45
Q

Guaranteed solution to a problem

A

Algorithm

46
Q

Not guaranteed a solution to a problem

A

Puristics

47
Q

Saw intelligence as 2 different abilities: G and S factors

A

Charles Spearman

48
Q

What does G and S Factor mean?

A

General Intelligence and Specific Intelligence

49
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

Analytical, creative ,practical

50
Q

Break problems down into components

A

Analytical

51
Q

Deals with novel problems in new ways

A

Creative

52
Q

Use information for success in life (common sense)

A

Practical

53
Q

Measures various intellectual skills, originally used intelligence quotient, comparing mental age and chronological age

A

Stanford- Binet IQ test

54
Q

Use both verbal and nonverbal subtests to yield an overall score of intelligence and four index scores

A

The Wechsler Tests

55
Q

What are the four index scores of the Wechsler tests?

A

Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Psychology 201 (4 decks)

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