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Psychology 201 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an independent and dependent variable?

A

Independent- being changed or controlled

Dependent- being tested and measured

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2
Q

What is the difference between informed consent and informed assent?

A

Informed consent- 18+

Informed assent- -18 (under 18)

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3
Q

What is the difference in a naturalistic observation and a laboratory observation?

A

Natural - observing a natural environment without changing anything
Laboratory - controls the observation and changes things

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4
Q

What are the stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1 - light sleep, jerk
Stage 2 - sleep spindles, breathing and heart rate slow
Stage 3 - delta waves grow
Stage 4 - deep sleep

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5
Q

What stage of sleep are you in if you are sleepwalking?

A

Stage 4

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6
Q

Who did the Baby Albert experiment?

A

John Watson

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7
Q

Who came up with Gestalt psychology?

A

BF Skinner

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8
Q

Who did the dog experiment with saliva?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

Discovered operant conditioning (based on consequences of responding)

A

Edward Thorndikes

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10
Q

What are the different types of sleep disorders?

A

Insomnia, Narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep apnea

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11
Q

Inability to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep

A

Insomnia

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12
Q

Falls into immediate REM sleep during the day without warning

A

Narcolepsy

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13
Q

Lose control of muscles and falls asleep instantly

A

Cataplexy

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14
Q

Person stops breathing for 10+

A

Sleep apnea

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15
Q

System that carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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16
Q

System that serves internal organs and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

System that activates the body

A

Sympathetic system

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18
Q

System that quiets the body

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

What is the difference in positive and negative correlations?

A

Positive - both go up

Negative - one goes up the other goes down

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20
Q

What are the ethics of psychological research?

A

Protection of rights and well-being of participants, informed consent, justification when deception is used, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm, debriefing, correcting consequence that may

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21
Q

What is the stereotype effect?

A

Fear to conform to the stereotypical group

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22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

An antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a response; is linked with one that does

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23
Q

Why is sleep necessary?

A

So your cells can repair themselves

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24
Q

What are the different types of brain imaging?

A

CT Scan; MRI; EEG; PET Scan

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25
Q

Based on consequences of responding

A

Operant conditioning

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26
Q

What is psychology?

A

Study of behavior and mind processes

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27
Q

Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage

A

Restoration theory

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28
Q

Part of the brain that is below the back of the cerebrum; regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination

A

Cerebellum

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29
Q

Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, its looks like a “C” on its side

A

Corpus Callosum

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30
Q

The top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgement, and voluntary movement.

A

Frontal lobe of the Cerebrum

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31
Q

The lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls autonomic functions including, heartbeat, breathing, etc.

A

Medulla oblongata

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32
Q

the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head)

A

Occipital lobe of the cerebrum

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33
Q

The middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head)

A

Parietal lobe of the cerebrum

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34
Q

A Glad attached to the base of the brain (located between the pons and the corpus callosum) that secretes hormones

A

Pituitary gland

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35
Q

The part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the medulla oblongata

A

Pons

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36
Q

A thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine

A

Spinal cord

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37
Q

the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head)

A

Temporal lobe of the cerebrum

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38
Q

Controls movement, autonomic function, learning, and memory

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Deals with motivation, reward, planning of behavior

A

Dopamine

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40
Q

Deals with learning and memory

A

Glutamate

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41
Q

Participates in moods

A

GABA

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42
Q

Deals with arousal, vigilance, and mood

A

Norepinephrine

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43
Q

Deals with mood, appetite, and sleep

A

Serotonin

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44
Q

Something you can see

A

Overt

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45
Q

Something you can’t see

A

Covert

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46
Q

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

A

Describe things, explain what it is, make predictions, control what is happening

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47
Q

Substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system

A

Stimulant

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48
Q

Substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system

A

Depressant

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49
Q

Things you are aware of at the exact moment

A

Conscious

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50
Q

Waiting room for information

A

Preconscious

51
Q

Things you don’t know at the exact moment

A

Subconscious

52
Q

States the exact procedures used to represent the concept

A

Operational definition

53
Q

What is a correlation?

A

Existence of a consistent, systematic relationship

54
Q

First psychology lab in Germany (1879); objective introspection; first psychologist; structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

55
Q

“Stream of thought” vs. elements of mind; focus on functioning in the real world; American; Taught at Harvard; known for functionalism approach

A

William James

56
Q

Who is the father of black psychology?

A

Dr. Francis Cecil Sumner

57
Q

Who is the father of psychiatry?

A

Dr. Benjamin Rush

58
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

59
Q

Cousin to charles Darwin; Came up with Eugenics (says if you’re not black then you’re not on same playing level)

A

Francis Galton

60
Q

What is the difference between a sample and a population?

A

Sample is a smaller, subpart of a population; population is an entire group of animals, people, or objects belonging to a particular category

61
Q

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts is what type of psychology?

A

Gestalt psychology

62
Q

What is the difference between Ed, Ego, and Super Ego?

A

Ed- pleasure principle
Ego- how you perceive yourself
Super ego- balance of reality

63
Q

What is the IRB?

A

Institutional review board that reviews and approves research involving humans

64
Q

Freudian slip; Electra complex; Oedipus complex

A

Sigmund Freud

65
Q

Baby Albert is associated with ___

A

classical conditioning

66
Q

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus what happens?

A

Stimulus doesn’t evoke response

67
Q

What are the modern psychological perspectives?

A

biological, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, sociocultural, psychodynamic, behavioral

68
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

69
Q

What is the difference in a single blind vs double blind experiment?

A

Single blind - one person knows what pill is being given, but the taker doesn’t
Double blind - giver doesn’t know what pill is which and taker doesn’t know there are 2 different pills

70
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Sugar pill

71
Q

Al is trying to decide whether the shower is hot enough to step in. Hal is listening to his MP3 player. Sal is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. Which individual is using his parietal lobe?

A

Al

72
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of ___

A

all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system

A

Somatic

74
Q

The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech is called the ___

A

Temporal lobes

75
Q

Libby’s physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. the technique being used is ___

A

Positron emission tomography (PET Scan)

76
Q

Which of the following transmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA

77
Q

A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called ___

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

78
Q

Joe is very anxious over an upcoming exam. Consequently, his adrenal glands will probably produce ___

A

More cortisol

79
Q

If Mindy’s doctor has taken series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a ___

A

CT Scan

80
Q

A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

81
Q

Made of a fatty substance

A

Myelin

82
Q

T/F: The occipital lobes contain the visual cortex, where visual signals are processed

A

true

83
Q

A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called ___

A

Myelin sheath

84
Q

If someone falls on the front side of her head near the forehead, what lobe is this?

A

Frontal

85
Q

Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of her brain was injured?

A

Motor cortex

86
Q

T/F: Neuroplasticity is the concept that when the brain is injured, it is unable to change the structure and function of the cells to adjust the image

A

False

87
Q

The point at which the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice verse, is the ___

A

Pons

88
Q

Introspection; we all arena control of our own processes; this is not right bc humans remember things inaccurately

A

Structuralism

89
Q

Structures of the mind; break experience into emotions and sensations; “tell me about things that are yellow”; Comes to America and tries to relay Wundt’s approach of introspection, but does it wrong so he breaks off

A

Edward Titchener

90
Q

Other African American contributors to psychology

A 
Dr. Charles Henry Thompson
Dr. Albert Sidney Beckham
Dr. Robert Prentiss Daniel
Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser
Dr. Howard Hale Long
Dr. Ruth Howard
91
Q

States that if you are black then you are not on the same playing level; aka subhuman

A

Eugenics

92
Q

Believed that during different stages of development, everything was related to sex; oedipus complex; electra complex; dream analysis; freudian slip

A

Sigmund Freud

93
Q

Girls want to kill their mom to be with their father

A

Electra complex

94
Q

Boys want to kill their dad to be with their mother

A

Oedipus complex

95
Q

2 types of defense mechanisms:

A

denial, repression

96
Q

Approach that focuses on brain and body and how they interact

A

Biological approach

97
Q

Approach that looks at genetics of parents and grandparents

A

Evolutionary approach

98
Q

Approach that looks at learning and memory; deals with prefrontal cortex

A

Cognitive approach

99
Q

Approach that says everyone is in control of their own destiny

A

Humanistic approach

100
Q

Approach that looks at the different cultural aspects; SES

A

Sociocultural approach

101
Q

Conditioning one to a circumstance (Baby Albert)

A

Classical conditioning

102
Q

Approach that Looks at the different types of consciousness; focus less on sex and more on self/pleasure principle

A

Psychodynamic approach

103
Q

Approach that focuses on positive and negative reinforcements ; operant conditioning

A

Behavioral approach

104
Q

What does LPC stand for?

A

Licensed professional counselor

105
Q

Detailed investigations of one subject; advantage: tremendous amount of detailed info; disadvantage: info gained can’t be applied to other cases

A

Case studies

106
Q

Asks standardized questions of large groups of people that represent a sample of the population of interest; advantage: ability to get large amounts of date; disadvantage: potential respondents have to be carefully selected, respondents may not always tell the truth or remember info correctly

A

Survey

107
Q

A measure of the relationship between one or more variables

A

Correlation

108
Q

Altered state; shift in quality or pattern of mental activity

A

Meditation

109
Q

17 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level

A

.05

110
Q

24 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level

A

.08

111
Q

24 hour bodily rhythm

A

Circadian rhythm

112
Q

Tiny section of brain that influences glandular system

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

Internal clock that tells people when to wake up/fall asleep

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

114
Q

Hormone released so you can go to sleep

A

Melatonin

115
Q

Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are more active

A

Restorative theory

116
Q

REM is sometimes referred to as ___

A

Paradoxical sleep

117
Q

Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory

A

Psychoactive drugs

118
Q

Person’s body becomes unable to function normally without drug; withdrawal; tolerance; negative reinforcement

A

Physical dependence

119
Q

The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being; positive reinforcement

A

Psychological dependence

120
Q

Major drugs categories:

A

Stimulants; depressants; hallucinogens

121
Q

Drugs that increase activity of the nervous system; include amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine

A

Stimulants

122
Q

Decrease the functioning of the nervous system; includes barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol

A

Depressants

123
Q

(Narcotics) class of opium-related drugs that suppress pain and mimic endorphins; cause false sensory messages altering the perception of reality; includes opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, LSD, PCP, MDMA (ecstasy), marijuana

A

Hallucinogens

124
Q

Won’t give you increased strengths or go back to babylike stage ; you’re in control of what is going on, but you are in altered stage of consciousness

A

Hypnosis

Psychology 201 (4 decks)

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