Unit 1 Flashcards
What is an independent and dependent variable?
Independent- being changed or controlled
Dependent- being tested and measured
What is the difference between informed consent and informed assent?
Informed consent- 18+
Informed assent- -18 (under 18)
What is the difference in a naturalistic observation and a laboratory observation?
Natural - observing a natural environment without changing anything
Laboratory - controls the observation and changes things
What are the stages of sleep?
Stage 1 - light sleep, jerk
Stage 2 - sleep spindles, breathing and heart rate slow
Stage 3 - delta waves grow
Stage 4 - deep sleep
What stage of sleep are you in if you are sleepwalking?
Stage 4
Who did the Baby Albert experiment?
John Watson
Who came up with Gestalt psychology?
BF Skinner
Who did the dog experiment with saliva?
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered operant conditioning (based on consequences of responding)
Edward Thorndikes
What are the different types of sleep disorders?
Insomnia, Narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep apnea
Inability to sleep, stay asleep, or get quality sleep
Insomnia
Falls into immediate REM sleep during the day without warning
Narcolepsy
Lose control of muscles and falls asleep instantly
Cataplexy
Person stops breathing for 10+
Sleep apnea
System that carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
System that serves internal organs and glands
Autonomic nervous system
System that activates the body
Sympathetic system
System that quiets the body
Parasympathetic
What is the difference in positive and negative correlations?
Positive - both go up
Negative - one goes up the other goes down
What are the ethics of psychological research?
Protection of rights and well-being of participants, informed consent, justification when deception is used, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm, debriefing, correcting consequence that may
What is the stereotype effect?
Fear to conform to the stereotypical group
What is classical conditioning?
An antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a response; is linked with one that does
Why is sleep necessary?
So your cells can repair themselves
What are the different types of brain imaging?
CT Scan; MRI; EEG; PET Scan
Based on consequences of responding
Operant conditioning
What is psychology?
Study of behavior and mind processes
Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage
Restoration theory
Part of the brain that is below the back of the cerebrum; regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination
Cerebellum
Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, its looks like a “C” on its side
Corpus Callosum
The top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgement, and voluntary movement.
Frontal lobe of the Cerebrum
The lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls autonomic functions including, heartbeat, breathing, etc.
Medulla oblongata
the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head)
Occipital lobe of the cerebrum
The middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head)
Parietal lobe of the cerebrum
A Glad attached to the base of the brain (located between the pons and the corpus callosum) that secretes hormones
Pituitary gland
The part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the medulla oblongata
Pons
A thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine
Spinal cord
the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head)
Temporal lobe of the cerebrum
Controls movement, autonomic function, learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
Deals with motivation, reward, planning of behavior
Dopamine
Deals with learning and memory
Glutamate
Participates in moods
GABA
Deals with arousal, vigilance, and mood
Norepinephrine
Deals with mood, appetite, and sleep
Serotonin
Something you can see
Overt
Something you can’t see
Covert
What are the 4 goals of psychology?
Describe things, explain what it is, make predictions, control what is happening
Substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system
Stimulant
Substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system
Depressant
Things you are aware of at the exact moment
Conscious
Waiting room for information
Preconscious
Things you don’t know at the exact moment
Subconscious
States the exact procedures used to represent the concept
Operational definition
What is a correlation?
Existence of a consistent, systematic relationship
First psychology lab in Germany (1879); objective introspection; first psychologist; structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
“Stream of thought” vs. elements of mind; focus on functioning in the real world; American; Taught at Harvard; known for functionalism approach
William James
Who is the father of black psychology?
Dr. Francis Cecil Sumner
Who is the father of psychiatry?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Cousin to charles Darwin; Came up with Eugenics (says if you’re not black then you’re not on same playing level)
Francis Galton
What is the difference between a sample and a population?
Sample is a smaller, subpart of a population; population is an entire group of animals, people, or objects belonging to a particular category
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts is what type of psychology?
Gestalt psychology
What is the difference between Ed, Ego, and Super Ego?
Ed- pleasure principle
Ego- how you perceive yourself
Super ego- balance of reality
What is the IRB?
Institutional review board that reviews and approves research involving humans
Freudian slip; Electra complex; Oedipus complex
Sigmund Freud
Baby Albert is associated with ___
classical conditioning
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus what happens?
Stimulus doesn’t evoke response
What are the modern psychological perspectives?
biological, evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, sociocultural, psychodynamic, behavioral
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
What is the difference in a single blind vs double blind experiment?
Single blind - one person knows what pill is being given, but the taker doesn’t
Double blind - giver doesn’t know what pill is which and taker doesn’t know there are 2 different pills
What is a placebo?
Sugar pill
Al is trying to decide whether the shower is hot enough to step in. Hal is listening to his MP3 player. Sal is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. Which individual is using his parietal lobe?
Al
The peripheral nervous system consists of ___
all of the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ___ nervous system
Somatic
The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech is called the ___
Temporal lobes
Libby’s physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. the technique being used is ___
Positron emission tomography (PET Scan)
Which of the following transmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called ___
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Joe is very anxious over an upcoming exam. Consequently, his adrenal glands will probably produce ___
More cortisol
If Mindy’s doctor has taken series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a ___
CT Scan
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
Neurotransmitter
Made of a fatty substance
Myelin
T/F: The occipital lobes contain the visual cortex, where visual signals are processed
true
A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called ___
Myelin sheath
If someone falls on the front side of her head near the forehead, what lobe is this?
Frontal
Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of her brain was injured?
Motor cortex
T/F: Neuroplasticity is the concept that when the brain is injured, it is unable to change the structure and function of the cells to adjust the image
False
The point at which the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice verse, is the ___
Pons
Introspection; we all arena control of our own processes; this is not right bc humans remember things inaccurately
Structuralism
Structures of the mind; break experience into emotions and sensations; “tell me about things that are yellow”; Comes to America and tries to relay Wundt’s approach of introspection, but does it wrong so he breaks off
Edward Titchener
Other African American contributors to psychology
Dr. Charles Henry Thompson Dr. Albert Sidney Beckham Dr. Robert Prentiss Daniel Dr. Inez Beverly Prosser Dr. Howard Hale Long Dr. Ruth Howard
States that if you are black then you are not on the same playing level; aka subhuman
Eugenics
Believed that during different stages of development, everything was related to sex; oedipus complex; electra complex; dream analysis; freudian slip
Sigmund Freud
Girls want to kill their mom to be with their father
Electra complex
Boys want to kill their dad to be with their mother
Oedipus complex
2 types of defense mechanisms:
denial, repression
Approach that focuses on brain and body and how they interact
Biological approach
Approach that looks at genetics of parents and grandparents
Evolutionary approach
Approach that looks at learning and memory; deals with prefrontal cortex
Cognitive approach
Approach that says everyone is in control of their own destiny
Humanistic approach
Approach that looks at the different cultural aspects; SES
Sociocultural approach
Conditioning one to a circumstance (Baby Albert)
Classical conditioning
Approach that Looks at the different types of consciousness; focus less on sex and more on self/pleasure principle
Psychodynamic approach
Approach that focuses on positive and negative reinforcements ; operant conditioning
Behavioral approach
What does LPC stand for?
Licensed professional counselor
Detailed investigations of one subject; advantage: tremendous amount of detailed info; disadvantage: info gained can’t be applied to other cases
Case studies
Asks standardized questions of large groups of people that represent a sample of the population of interest; advantage: ability to get large amounts of date; disadvantage: potential respondents have to be carefully selected, respondents may not always tell the truth or remember info correctly
Survey
A measure of the relationship between one or more variables
Correlation
Altered state; shift in quality or pattern of mental activity
Meditation
17 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level
.05
24 hours without sleep is = to having a ___ blood alcohol level
.08
24 hour bodily rhythm
Circadian rhythm
Tiny section of brain that influences glandular system
Hypothalamus
Internal clock that tells people when to wake up/fall asleep
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Hormone released so you can go to sleep
Melatonin
Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are more active
Restorative theory
REM is sometimes referred to as ___
Paradoxical sleep
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory
Psychoactive drugs
Person’s body becomes unable to function normally without drug; withdrawal; tolerance; negative reinforcement
Physical dependence
The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being; positive reinforcement
Psychological dependence
Major drugs categories:
Stimulants; depressants; hallucinogens
Drugs that increase activity of the nervous system; include amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine
Stimulants
Decrease the functioning of the nervous system; includes barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol
Depressants
(Narcotics) class of opium-related drugs that suppress pain and mimic endorphins; cause false sensory messages altering the perception of reality; includes opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, LSD, PCP, MDMA (ecstasy), marijuana
Hallucinogens
Won’t give you increased strengths or go back to babylike stage ; you’re in control of what is going on, but you are in altered stage of consciousness
Hypnosis
