Unit 2 Flashcards
Eukaryotic
A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. (Protists, plants, fungi, and animals)
Prokaryotic
A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. (bacteria and archaea)
Nucleoid
A non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located.
Capsule
A dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells. Found in prokaryotes.
Fimbriae
A short, hairlike appendage of prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate and other cells.
Flagellum
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion in prokaryotic cells.
Organelle
Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
Extracellular Matrix
TThe gel like protein/carbohydrate rich substance found outside cells.
Cell Wall
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. (Cellulose, chitin, and other polysaccharide proteins outside the plasma membrane.)
Plasmodesmata
Open channels through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small ions.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded vesicle enclosed with water whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. EUKARYOTES: Pump excess water out of the cell.
Plastid
One of a family closely related to organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Specialized for storage of starch or pigment molecules,
Chloroplast
A plant cell organelle that contains photosynthetic pigments used to collect light energy.
Nucleus
Organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material. It stores, protects, organizes, and regulates DNA. Double membrane.
Chromosome
A cellular structure consisting of one of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. EUKARYOTE: multiple, linear chromosomes which are located in the nucleus. PROKARYOTE: A single, circular chromosome found in the nucleoid.
Nuclear Envelope
EUKARYOTE: The double membrane that surround the nucleus, perforated with pores.
Nuclear Pore
Perforated pore that regulates traffic with the cytoplasm in the nuclear envelope. FUNCTION: Uses the energy of ATP to regulate nuclear transport.
Nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA. (Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.)
Ribosome
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. It contains a large and small subunit. EUKARYOTE: Each subunit in the ribosome is assembled in the nucleolus.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached. FUNCTION: Synthesis of membrane bound proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. FUNCTION: Synthesis of lipids. Specialized to store the calcium that triggers contraction.
Golgi Complex
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, tore, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. Responsible for carbohydrate synthesis and gycosylation.
Lysosome
A membrane-enclosed organelle that fuses with phagocytic vesicles for hydrolysis of macromolecules.
Vesicle
A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. In direct contact with one another or exchange contents by means of transport.
