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Bio 204 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structural Isomer

A

or constitutional isomerism (perIUPAC), is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders, as opposed to stereoisomerism

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2
Q

Geometric Isomer

A

Form of stereo isomerism

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3
Q

Enantiomer

A

Chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule.

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4
Q

Hydroxyl-polar

A

is a chemical functional group containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom.Acceptor or donor.

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5
Q

Carbonyl-polar

A

Composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O

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6
Q

Aldehyde

A

C=O at the end of a R group.

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7
Q

Ketone

A

C=O in the middle of a R group

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8
Q

Carboxyl-charged

A

the acid radical —COOH. Ionizes to release H+. at pH 7 called “carboxylic acid.”

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9
Q

Amino-charged

A

Basic. Accepts H+ to form +NH3

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10
Q

Phosphate-charged

A

Ionizes to release H—acidic. Ionizes at pH 7. Hydrophilic, phosphate transfer through hydrolysis.

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11
Q

Methyl-non-polar

A

R-CH3. “Methylation”- regulates molecular function.

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12
Q

Sulfhydryl-Polar

A

Found in proteins. *disulfide bridge-one way to sustain protein bridge.

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13
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts.

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water. The reaction mainly occurs between an ion and water molecules and often changes the pH of a solution.

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15
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The most basic units of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

The carbohydrate which is formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only.

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17
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides oroligosaccharides

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18
Q

Amylose/Amylopectin

A

A helical polymer made of α-D-glucose units, bound to each other through α glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is one of the two components of starch, making up approximately 20-30% of the structure. Amylopectin is a soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants.

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19
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

A covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. Formation of ethyl glucoside: Glucose and ethanol combine to form ethyl glucoside and water.

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20
Q

Cellulose

A

An organic compound polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β linked D-glucose units. important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants,.

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21
Q

Chitin

A

A long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose. There is a different functional group on 2nd carbon.

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22
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating unit (except for keratan) consists of an amino sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine) along with a uronic sugar (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid) or galactose

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23
Q

Glucose

A

A sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, which releases this energy, is a very important source of power for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen.

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24
Q

Hexose

A

Monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6

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25
Q

Aldose

A

A monosaccharide (a simple sugar) that contains only one aldehyde (−CH=O) group per molecule. The chemical formula takes the form Cn(H2O)n

26
Q

Ketose

A

A monosaccharide containing one ketone group per molecule

27
Q

Lipid

A

may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides,phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

28
Q

Fat/Oil

A

Any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and slippery.

29
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Acarboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 12 to 28.

30
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

Linolenic and linoleic acid, cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from food. These basic fats, found in plant foods, are used to build specialized fats called omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

31
Q

Phopholipid

A

Made up of two fatty acids (long chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules), which are attached to a glycerol ‘head.’ The glycerol molecule is also attached to a phosphate group, and this is the hydrophilic part of the molecule. hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilichead

32
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully “saturated” with hydrogen atoms.

33
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. (Pairs of carbon atoms connected by double bonds can be saturated by adding hydrogen atoms to them, converting the double bonds to single bonds.

34
Q

Triacylglyceride

A

An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.[1] As a blood lipid, it helps enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver. There are many triglycerides: depending on the oil source, some are highly unsaturated, some less so.

35
Q

Glycerol

A

A simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides.

36
Q

Steroid

A

A group of cyclic organic compounds whose most common characteristic is an arrangement of seventeen carbon atoms in a four-ring structure, where the rings are three composed of 6-carbons (rings A, B, and C) followed by one with 5-carbons (ring D)

37
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein complex that catalysis reactions.

38
Q

Glycine

A

The smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins, and indeed is the smallest possible

39
Q

Proline

A

An α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the amine nitrogen is bound to not one but two alkyl groups, thus making it a secondary amine.

40
Q

Cysteine

A

The amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine molecules that covalently link via a disulfide bond

41
Q

Disulfide Bridge

A

A covalent bond, usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups. R–S–S–R. important role in the folding and stability of some proteins, important role in the folding and stability of some proteins

42
Q

Peptide/Protein

A

Short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds. covalent chemical bonds are formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another.
Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes.

43
Q

Primary Structure

A

Primary structure of a peptide or protein is the linear sequence of its amino acid structural units, and partly comprises its overall biomolecular structure. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end.

44
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets

45
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

A single polypeptide chain “backbone” with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains may interact and bond in a number of ways.

46
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

The number and arrangement of the protein subunits with respect to one another.[2] Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin, DNA polymerase, and ion channels

47
Q

N-terminus

A

The start of a protein or polypeptide terminated by an amino acid with a free amine group (-NH2).

48
Q

C-terminus

A

The end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).

49
Q

Denaturation

A

a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent

50
Q

Conservative Substitution

A

A substitution of an amino acid with similar properties that would not drastically affect the structure of the protein. Ex. Polar for a polar substitution.

51
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

The biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.

52
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

Copied from DNA and encodes genes that need to be expressed.

53
Q

Nucleotide

A

Organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group

54
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleicacid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides.

55
Q

Phophodiester Bond

A

The linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds

56
Q

Nucleoside

A

A nucleobase linked to a sugar, a nucleotide is composed of anucleoside and one or more phosphate groups. Thus, nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell on the sugar’s primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH) to produce nucleotides.

57
Q

Purine

A

A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines, which include substituted purines and their tautomers, are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycle innature.[1]Purinesand pyrimidines make up the two groups of nitrogenous bases, including the two groups of nucleotide bases. Two of the four deoxyribonucleotides and two of the four ribonucleotides, the respective building-blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA, and ribonucleic acid - RNA, are purines.

58
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 in the ring.[3] The other diazines are pyrazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions) and pyridazine (nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 2 positions). In nucleic acids, three types of nucleobases are pyrimidine derivatives:cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

59
Q

Ribose

A

An organic compound with the formula C₅H₁₀O₅; specifically, a pentose monosaccharide with linear form H−−(CHOH)₄−H, which has all the hydroxyl groups on the same side in the Fischer projection.

60
Q

Histone

A

Highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.[1][2] They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA

Bio 204 (3 decks)

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