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SQA Higher Biology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Vo2 max

A

The maximum rate at which the body is able to take up and use oxygen

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2
Q

Calorimeter

A

A piece of equipment used to measure heat generation from an organism to allow metabolic rate to be calculated.

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3
Q

Citric acid/Krebs cycle

A

The second stage of respiration, where acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate join to form citric acid and a series of reactions which return citric acid to oxaloacetate

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4
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme which removes hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates

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5
Q

NAD/FAD

A

A co-enzyme which easily attaches to hydrogen ions, but releases them when they are required

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

A structure in the cell responsible for producing energy

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7
Q

ATP synthase

A

An enzyme which produces ATP

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8
Q

Fermentation

A

A type of respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen

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9
Q

Respirometer

A

A piece of equipment used to measure the rate of respiration

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first stage of respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate

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11
Q

Anabolic

A

A reaction which requires energy and builds micromolecules up into macromolecules

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12
Q

Catabolic

A

A reaction which releases energy and breaks down macromolecules into micromolecules

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13
Q

Selectively permeable

A

A property of a membrane which means that substances do not freely pass through it. The membrane allows the passage of certain small molecules, but excludes many other molecules.

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14
Q

Channel/pore proteins

A

These proteins allow specific molecules and ions to pass through the membrane, for example, a protein channel found in the plasma membrane allows chloride ions to pass through the membrane.

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15
Q

Carrier/pump proteins

A

As the name suggests, carrier proteins bind to specific molecules or ions temporarily, enabling them to cross the membrane. This involves a change to the conformation of the carrier protein, which may require energy provided by ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of a carrier protein.

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16
Q

Enzymes

A

Some proteins in the membrane catalyse a specific reaction. Some receptor proteins have enzymatic activity, in which the cytoplasmic portion of the protein catalyses a reaction in response to binding by a ligand.

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17
Q

Structural support

A

Some membrane proteins are linked to the cytoskeleton and help to maintain the shape of the cell.

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18
Q

Biological catalysts

A

Catalysts made of protein that are only found in living cells

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19
Q

Active site

A

The region of an enzyme molecule where the enzyme acts on the substrate

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20
Q

Induced fit model

A

A model of an enzyme-substrate reaction that causes a conformational change in the active site of the enzyme that allows the substrate to fit perfectly

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21
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Competitive inhibition of enzyme activity occurs when an inhibitor, resembling the structure of the substrate, binds to the active site of the enzyme and blocks the binding of the substrate

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22
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

A molecule binds to a part of the enzyme away from the active site, and causes a conformational change in the active site of the enzyme, thereby inhibiting the binding of the appropriate substrate molecule

23
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Regulation of the enzyme activity where the first enzyme of a metabolic pathway is inhibited but the reversible binding of the appropriate substrate molecule

24
Q

Metabolite

A

The intermediates and products of metabolic reactions that take place in organisms

25
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum energy required by reactants to allow a reaction to occur

26
Q

Receptor

A

Cells which monitor changes in environment

27
Q

Effector

A

Cells, muscles or glands which perform responses to stimuli

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain which monitors and regulates temperatures

29
Q

Vasodilation

A

Enlargement in diameter of a blood vessel, thus increasing blood flow. The blood vessels (arterioles) that supply blood to the skin dilate/widen, increasing the amount of blood flowing to the skin. This increases the surface area from which heat can be lost to the environment by radiation.

30
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Contration in diameter of a blood vessel, thus increasing in blood flow. The arterioles that supply blood to the skin constrict/narrow, reducing the amount of blood flowing to the skin. As a result less heat is lost by radiation from the surface of their body.

31
Q

Negative feedback

A

Homeostasis; the process by which an increase in one factor cause a decrease in another factor, thereby maintaining equilibrium around a set point/norm.

32
Q

Daily torpor

A

A period of reduced activity in organisms with high metabolic rates

33
Q

Hibernation

A

An inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates pass the winter

34
Q

Aestivation

A

Dormancy in response to high temperature or drought

35
Q

Migrate

A

A process which avoids metabolic adversity by expending energy to relocate to a more suitable environment.

36
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Microbes which live in cold environments such as sea ice, and the Arctic and Antarctic peaks

37
Q

Thermophiles

A

Microbes that live in very hot environments such as deep sea vents and volcanic lakes

38
Q

Dormancy

A

A condition of biological rest or inactivity characterised by cessation of growth or development and the suspension of many metabolic processes

39
Q

Alkaphiles

A

Microbes that live in basic environments like soda lakes

40
Q

Halophiles

A

Microbes that live in very salty environments such as salt lakes and salt mines

41
Q

Acidophiles

A

Microbes that live in acidic environments such as sulphur springs.

42
Q

Extremophiles

A

An organism which is able to live in extreme conditions.

43
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A

An enzyme that cuts specific target sequences of DNA

44
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme which joins fragments of DNA together

45
Q

Wild type

A

Describes the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature

46
Q

Heterotrophic

A

An organism which gains energy by consuming other organisms

47
Q

Complex media

A

Contain one or more crude sources of nutrients and their exact chemical composition and components are unknown

48
Q

Defined media/synthetic media

A

Media in which the components of the medium are chemically known and are present in relatively pure form

49
Q

Nutrient medium

A

A mixture of nutrients, includes carbon/nitrogen, required for growth

50
Q

Lag phase

A

Microorganisms adjust to the conditions of the culture by producing enzymes that metabolise the available substrates

51
Q

Exponential/logarithmic phase

A

The rate of growth is at its highest

52
Q

Stationary phase

A

The culture medium becomes depleted and secondary metabolites are produced

53
Q

Death phase

A

Lack of substrate and the toxic accumulation of metabolites causes death of cells

54
Q

Archaea

A

A group of single-celled microorganisms

SQA Higher Biology (3 decks)

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