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SQA Higher Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chloroplast

A

The photosynthetic unit of a plant cell, contains all the chlorophyll

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2
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Somatic (adult) stem cells reprogrammed to enter an embryonic stem cell-like state

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

The survival of the fittest, whereby only individuals with the most suitable genetic constitution for any set of circumstances pass their genes on. The frequency of an allele increases in a population if it provides a selective advantage.

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5
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

These are stem cells, with the potential to make any differentiated cell in the body

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6
Q

Bioinformatics

A

A process which combines computer science and statistical analysis to study genomes

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

Complete set of unique alleles in a species/population

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8
Q

Allele frequency

A

The prevalence of alternative versions of genes

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9
Q

Allele

A

One of the different forms of a gene

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Creates many alleles for one gene pool

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11
Q

Gene migration

A

The movement of alleles between populations by individuals arriving from a different population and breeding. These individuals have a different gene pool and therefore introduce new alleles into the population.

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Tends to occur in small populations and describes the change in allele frequency due to a chance event. Small populations that are isolated from each other can vary greatly due to changes in allele frequency.

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13
Q

Non-random mating

A

Does not change the frequency of alleles, but increases the number of homozygous individuals. Interbreeding is the most common form.

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14
Q

Chance

A

Changes to allele frequency due to random loss (individual may die/fail to reproduce before death resulting in an allele being lost)

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15
Q

Sexual selection

A

The non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase reproduction

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16
Q

Stabilising selection

A

The average phenotype is selected and the extremes don’t survive as well/may disappear

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17
Q

Disruptive selection

A

The extreme values of a phenotype survive

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18
Q

Directional selection

A

Only one extreme phenotype is selected over both the average and the opposite extreme

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19
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species

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20
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring

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21
Q

Double helix

A

The double helical shape of a DNA molecule

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22
Q

Antiparallel

A

Running in opposite directions

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23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

An organism which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus

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24
Q

Eukaryotes

A

An organism which possesses a membrane-bound nucleus

25
Q

Plasmids

A

A circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carrie only a few genes

26
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that facilitates the process by which fragments of DNA are joined together

27
Q

Primers

A

A strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA

28
Q

Leading strand

A

The strand of DNA that is being repeated continuously

29
Q

Lagging strand

A

The strand of DNA that grows in the direction opposite to the movement of the growing fork. It is replicated in fragments

30
Q

In vitro

A

Out with a living organism

31
Q

In vivo

A

Within a living organism

32
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that synthesises DNA strands from individual nucleotides

33
Q

Insertion

A

The addition of an extra nucleotide

Gene/point mutation

34
Q

Deletion - gene

A

Loss of a section of DNA/number of nucleotides

Gene/point mutation

35
Q

Translocation

A

Transposition of a length of DNA onto another chromosome

Chromosome structure mutation

36
Q

Deletion - chromosome

A

Removal of a length of DNA from a chromosome

37
Q

Duplication

A

Repetition of a series of nucleotides within a chromosome

Chromosome structure mutation

38
Q

Inversion

A

The inversion/reversal of a section of DNA within a chromosome
Chromosome structure mutation

39
Q

Substitution

A

The replacement of one nucleotide by another

Gene mutation

40
Q

Genome

A

The entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

41
Q

Genomics

A

The science of interpreting genes. The study of an organism’s genome using information systems/databases/computerised research tools

42
Q

Genetics

A

The branch of biology that deals with hereditary, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited traits among similar or related organisms

43
Q

Plastome

A

The genetic material that is found in plasmids in plant cells (e.g. in chloroplasts). It composes part of the entire genome of photosynthetic organisms.

44
Q

Meristem

A

A growing point in a plant. Location of mitosis producing new cells.

45
Q

Apical meristem

A

Growing points/regions of mitosis found at the tips of plant stems or roots allowing increase in length

46
Q

Self-renewal

A

A property displayed by stem cells which allows them to produce more stem cells

47
Q

Blastocyst

A

An embryo that has developed for 5-6 days after fertilisation

48
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change towards a more specialised function.

49
Q

Transcription

A

The production of mRNA from a DNA template

50
Q

Intron

A

Part of the initial mRNA that is removed before translation

51
Q

Exon

A

Part of the initial mRNA which is used to code for protiens

52
Q

Translation

A

The sequencing of amino acids at ribosomes, based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

53
Q

mRNA/messenger RNA

A

Synthesised from a DNA template, resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA

54
Q

tRNA/transfer RNA

A

A short strand of RNA that is twisted in on itself to expose 3 bases. Carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome.

55
Q

rRNA/ribosomal RNA

A

The RNA that is a permanent structural part of a ribosome

56
Q

RNA splicing

A

A process which removes the introns from a primary RNA transcript

57
Q

Anticodon

A

A triplet of exposed bases on a tRNA molecule

58
Q

Codon

A

A triplet of exposed bases on a length of mRNA

59
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures found in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.

SQA Higher Biology (3 decks)

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