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SQA Higher Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chloroplast

A

The photosynthetic unit of a plant cell, contains all the chlorophyll

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2
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Somatic (adult) stem cells reprogrammed to enter an embryonic stem cell-like state

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division

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4
Q

Natural selection

A

The survival of the fittest, whereby only individuals with the most suitable genetic constitution for any set of circumstances pass their genes on. The frequency of an allele increases in a population if it provides a selective advantage.

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5
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

These are stem cells, with the potential to make any differentiated cell in the body

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6
Q

Bioinformatics

A

A process which combines computer science and statistical analysis to study genomes

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

Complete set of unique alleles in a species/population

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8
Q

Allele frequency

A

The prevalence of alternative versions of genes

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9
Q

Allele

A

One of the different forms of a gene

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Creates many alleles for one gene pool

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11
Q

Gene migration

A

The movement of alleles between populations by individuals arriving from a different population and breeding. These individuals have a different gene pool and therefore introduce new alleles into the population.

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Tends to occur in small populations and describes the change in allele frequency due to a chance event. Small populations that are isolated from each other can vary greatly due to changes in allele frequency.

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13
Q

Non-random mating

A

Does not change the frequency of alleles, but increases the number of homozygous individuals. Interbreeding is the most common form.

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14
Q

Chance

A

Changes to allele frequency due to random loss (individual may die/fail to reproduce before death resulting in an allele being lost)

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15
Q

Sexual selection

A

The non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase reproduction

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16
Q

Stabilising selection

A

The average phenotype is selected and the extremes don’t survive as well/may disappear

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17
Q

Disruptive selection

A

The extreme values of a phenotype survive

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18
Q

Directional selection

A

Only one extreme phenotype is selected over both the average and the opposite extreme

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19
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species

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20
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms which can interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring

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21
Q

Double helix

A

The double helical shape of a DNA molecule

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22
Q

Antiparallel

A

Running in opposite directions

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23
Q

Prokaryotes

A

An organism which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus

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24
Q

Eukaryotes

A

An organism which possesses a membrane-bound nucleus

25
Plasmids
A circular, self-replicating DNA molecule that carrie only a few genes
26
DNA ligase
An enzyme that facilitates the process by which fragments of DNA are joined together
27
Primers
A strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA
28
Leading strand
The strand of DNA that is being repeated continuously
29
Lagging strand
The strand of DNA that grows in the direction opposite to the movement of the growing fork. It is replicated in fragments
30
In vitro
Out with a living organism
31
In vivo
Within a living organism
32
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that synthesises DNA strands from individual nucleotides
33
Insertion
The addition of an extra nucleotide | Gene/point mutation
34
Deletion - gene
Loss of a section of DNA/number of nucleotides | Gene/point mutation
35
Translocation
Transposition of a length of DNA onto another chromosome | Chromosome structure mutation
36
Deletion - chromosome
Removal of a length of DNA from a chromosome
37
Duplication
Repetition of a series of nucleotides within a chromosome | Chromosome structure mutation
38
Inversion
The inversion/reversal of a section of DNA within a chromosome Chromosome structure mutation
39
Substitution
The replacement of one nucleotide by another | Gene mutation
40
Genome
The entirety of an organism's hereditary information
41
Genomics
The science of interpreting genes. The study of an organism's genome using information systems/databases/computerised research tools
42
Genetics
The branch of biology that deals with hereditary, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited traits among similar or related organisms
43
Plastome
The genetic material that is found in plasmids in plant cells (e.g. in chloroplasts). It composes part of the entire genome of photosynthetic organisms.
44
Meristem
A growing point in a plant. Location of mitosis producing new cells.
45
Apical meristem
Growing points/regions of mitosis found at the tips of plant stems or roots allowing increase in length
46
Self-renewal
A property displayed by stem cells which allows them to produce more stem cells
47
Blastocyst
An embryo that has developed for 5-6 days after fertilisation
48
Differentiation
The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change towards a more specialised function.
49
Transcription
The production of mRNA from a DNA template
50
Intron
Part of the initial mRNA that is removed before translation
51
Exon
Part of the initial mRNA which is used to code for protiens
52
Translation
The sequencing of amino acids at ribosomes, based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
53
mRNA/messenger RNA
Synthesised from a DNA template, resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA
54
tRNA/transfer RNA
A short strand of RNA that is twisted in on itself to expose 3 bases. Carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome.
55
rRNA/ribosomal RNA
The RNA that is a permanent structural part of a ribosome
56
RNA splicing
A process which removes the introns from a primary RNA transcript
57
Anticodon
A triplet of exposed bases on a tRNA molecule
58
Codon
A triplet of exposed bases on a length of mRNA
59
Ribosomes
Structures found in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.

SQA Higher Biology (3 decks)

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